Almanya Federal Meclisi, iktidardaki Hristiyan Demokrat Birli\u011fi (CDU), Hristiyan Sosyal Birli\u011fi (CSU), Sosyal Demokrat Partisi (SPD) koalisyon h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ve muhalefetteki Ye\u015filler Partisi\u2019nin 1915 olaylar\u0131n\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak niteleyen ortak tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, CDU milletvekillerinin \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 2 Haziran tarihli oylamada sadece bir ret ve bir \u00e7ekimser oya kar\u015f\u0131 ezici bir oy \u00e7oklu\u011fu ile kabul etti.<\/p>\n
“1915 ve 1916 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nda Ermenilere ve di\u011fer Hristiyan az\u0131nl\u0131klara uygulanan soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve an\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan tasar\u0131da:<\/p>\n
\u201cD\u00f6nemin J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler rejiminin talimat\u0131yla 24 Nisan 1915\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 Konstantinopolis\u2019inde 1 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n etnik Ermeni\u2019nin sistematik tehcir ve k\u0131y\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. Onlar\u0131n kaderi 20\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fanan korkun\u00e7 kitlesel k\u0131y\u0131mlar\u0131n, etnik temizliklerin, tehcirlerin ve hatta evet soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fi.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n ifadelerine yer verilirken, Ermenilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Asuriler, S\u00fcryaniler ve Keldaniler gibi H\u0131ristiyan az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n da soyk\u0131r\u0131ma u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 belirtilmekte, s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun m\u00fcttefiki olan Alman \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun diplomat ve misyonerlerin uyar\u0131lar\u0131na ra\u011fmen tehciri engellemek i\u00e7in k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131p\u0131rdatmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ise \u201cutan\u00e7 verici\u201d olarak nitelenmektedir.<\/p>\n Alman parlamentosu taraf\u0131ndan at\u0131lan bu ad\u0131m T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7inin geri \u00e7ekilmesi, karar\u0131n \u201cyok h\u00fckm\u00fcnde\u201d oldu\u011funun yetkili a\u011f\u0131zlardan beyan edilmesi gibi herhangi bir etki do\u011furmayaca\u011f\u0131 herkes taraf\u0131ndan bilinen klasik diplomatik reflekslerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Alman men\u015feli makam arabalar\u0131nda otomobil markas\u0131n\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n siyah bezle \u00f6rt\u00fclmesi, Alman Konsoloslu\u011fu \u00f6n\u00fcnde mehter tak\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fli\u011finde protesto g\u00f6sterisi d\u00fczenlenmesi, tasar\u0131n\u0131n fikir babas\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen Almanya Ye\u015filler Partisi E\u015f Genel Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Cem \u00d6zdemir\u2019in kan\u0131n\u0131n laboratuvar testine tabi tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n talep edilmesi ve ad\u0131 ge\u00e7enin belediye meclisi karar\u0131yla Tokat hem\u015ferili\u011finden ihra\u00e7 edilmesi gibi mevcut Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 ile h\u00fck\u00fcmetin siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel seviyesine uygun daha \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131\u201d resmi tepkilerle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131.<\/p>\n Almanya\u2019n\u0131n da d\u00e2hil olmas\u0131yla i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz y\u0131l itibar\u0131 ile toplam 29 \u00fclkede ve ABD’nin 45 eyaletinde parlamentolarca 1915 olaylar\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f durumda. Parlamentolar veya eyalet meclisleri herhangi bir \u00fclkede soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7u i\u015flendi\u011fine dair karar almaya yetkili olmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nce ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerde, son olarak da Almanya\u2019da al\u0131nan karar hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz tamamen siyasi nitelikte ve uluslararas\u0131 hukuk mevzuat\u0131 taht\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hukuksal bir sonucu bulunmamakta.<\/p>\n Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere uluslararas\u0131 hukukta soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unun hukuki \u00e7er\u00e7evesi 9 Aral\u0131k 1948 tarihinde Paris\u2019te toplanan Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Kurulu\u2019nun 260 A (III) say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 ile kabul edilen \u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m Su\u00e7unun \u00d6nlenmesine ve Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na Dair S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u201d (a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201d veya k\u0131saca \u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fme\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r)\u2019de \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6zle\u015fme T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan 23.03.1950 g\u00fcn ve 5630 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019la onaylanarak i\u00e7 hukukun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ancak T\u00fcrkiye s\u00f6z konusu su\u00e7u cezaland\u0131racak bir h\u00fckme, 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019nun 76. maddesindeki d\u00fczenlemeye kadar ceza mevzuat\u0131nda yer vermemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 2. maddesinde ulusal, etnik, \u0131rksal veya dinsel bir gruba kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki fiillerden herhangi birinin soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n a. Grubun \u00fcyelerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek,<\/em> D\u00f6nemin Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetince 1915 y\u0131l\u0131 May\u0131s ay\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve k\u0131saca \u201cTehcir Kanunu\u201d diye bilinen Kanunun[foot]Tam ad\u0131yla \u201cVakt-\u0131 Seferde \u0130craat-\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fbmete Kar\u015f\u0131 Gelenler \u0130\u00e7in Cihet-i Askeriyece \u0130ttihaz Olunacak Tedabir Hakk\u0131nda Kanun-u Muvakkat\u201d.[\/foot] uygulanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda devlet g\u00f6revlileri, kolluk kuvvetleri, \u00e7eteler ve K\u00fcrt a\u015firetlerince ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kendi ya\u015fay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na, al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olduklar\u0131 iklim ve do\u011fa \u015fartlar\u0131na z\u0131t \u00f6zelliklere sahip yerlere tehcir edilen Ermenilerin sevk edildikleri yerlerde toplam n\u00fcfusun belirli bir y\u00fczdesini ge\u00e7memelerini sa\u011flamaya d\u00f6n\u00fck olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmet\u00e7e izlenen etnisite m\u00fchendisli\u011fi politikas\u0131[foot]D\u00fcndar, F., 2012. Kahir ekseriyet: Ermeni n\u00fcfus meselesi (1878-1923). \u0130stanbul: Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s.257.[\/foot] sonucunda, kapsam\u0131 ve hangi ko\u015fullarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi konusunda tart\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00fcrse de, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 2. maddesinde be\u015f bent halinde say\u0131lan fiillerden (d) bendinde say\u0131lan hari\u00e7 t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fu veya bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir.[foot]Tehcir karar\u0131n\u0131n tatbikine ili\u015fkin Osmanl\u0131 resmi belgelerinin bir derlemesi i\u00e7in bkz. Osmanl\u0131 Belgelerinde Ermenilerin Sevk ve \u0130sk\u00e2n\u0131 (1878-1920), Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Devlet Ar\u015fivleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi Daire Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Yay\u0131n No: 91, Ankara 2007. Tehcir s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re ya\u015fananlar ve katliamlar hakk\u0131nda bkz. Kevorkian, R., 2011. The Armenian genocide \u2013 A complete history. Londra: I.B. Tauris, ss.289-621. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Ermeni sorunu ile ilgili olarak yay\u0131nl nan eserlerin detayl\u0131 bir kaynak\u00e7as\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. Badem, C., 2007. T\u00fcrk-Ermeni sorunu bibliyografyas\u0131. \u0130stanbul: Aras Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k.[\/foot]<\/p>\n Tehcir politikas\u0131 sonucunda tarihsel yurtlar\u0131ndan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilen ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir katliama maruz kalan Ermeniler, b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011fa ders olmas\u0131 gereken b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u0131k\u0131m ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bununla birlikte bu tarihsel olgunun, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi taht\u0131nda soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7u olarak tavsif edilmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuken olduk\u00e7a tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir konudur.[foot]Ermeni tehcirinin Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kapsam\u0131nda soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7u olarak niteleneme yece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki T\u00fcrk resmi tezini yans\u0131tan bir de\u011ferlendirme i\u00e7in: Aktan, G., 2009. Devletler hukukuna g\u00f6re Ermeni sorunu. Ermeni sorunu temel bilgi ve belgeler. \u00d6mer Engin L\u00fctem (Drl.). Ankara: Terazi Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Uluslararas\u0131 Adalet Divan\u0131 ve Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Kurulu\u2019nca yoru land\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 haliyle soyk\u0131r\u0131m kavram\u0131n\u0131n 1915-23 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerine yap\u0131lan muamele i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a uygulanabilir oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde Ermeni tezi ile uyumlu bir hukuki de\u011ferlendirme i\u00e7in: de Zayas, A., 2008, The genocide against the Armenians 1915-1923 and the relevance of the 1948 Genocide Convention [online], http:\/\/a freddezayas.com\/Law_history\/armlegopi.shtml. [eri\u015fim 19.06.2016].[\/foot]<\/p>\n Sorunun bir boyutu, soyk\u0131r\u0131m teriminin gerek sosyal bilimlerin farkl\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda gerekse g\u00fcndelik kullan\u0131mda siyasi, ahlaki, akademik ve benzeri nedenlerle Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ndeki hukuki tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda k\u0131r\u0131m, katliam, etnik temizlik, toplu \u00f6ld\u00fcrme, insanl\u0131k su\u00e7u ve benzeri kavramlarla \u00f6zde\u015f bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavram karma\u015fas\u0131d\u0131r. Oysa \u00f6rne\u011fin g\u00fcnl\u00fck dildeki kullan\u0131mda h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k genel kategorisi alt\u0131nda ifade edilebilecek eylemlerin i\u015flenme bi\u00e7imine ve unsurlar\u0131na g\u00f6re h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, nitelikli h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, ya\u011fma, nitelikli ya\u011fma, zimmet ve benzeri farkl\u0131 su\u00e7 tiplerine tekab\u00fcl etmesi ve farkl\u0131 hukuki sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmas\u0131 gibi, ne kadar insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olursa olsun bir olay\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7u olarak tavsif edilip edilmeyece\u011finde de hukuki kriterlerin g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Konunun hukuki boyutunda; uluslararas\u0131 hukuk alan\u0131nda soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unun tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ilk defa Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 2. maddesinde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin ge\u00e7mi\u015fe etkili (makable \u015famil) uygulanaca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir h\u00fck\u00fcm i\u00e7ermedi\u011fi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten \u00f6nceki olaylar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131, S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin ex post facto uygulanabilece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde aksi bir yorumun \u201ckanunsuz su\u00e7 ve ceza olmaz (nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege<\/em>)\u201d di\u011fer ifadeyle \u201csu\u00e7ta ve cezada kanunilik\u201d ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil edece\u011fi uzun s\u00fcredir T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin resmi tezlerinin merkezi unsurlar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n giri\u015fimiyle T\u00fcrk ve Ermeni temsilcilerin ortak kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla kurdurulan T\u00fcrk Ermeni Bar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma Komisyonu\u2019nun[foot]Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission (TARC).[\/foot] New York\u2019taki International Center for Transitional Justice adl\u0131 kurulu\u015fa 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda haz\u0131rlatt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda vuku bulan olaylara uygulan\u0131p uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131\u201d hakk\u0131ndaki hukuki de\u011ferlendirmede; Ermenileri kurtarmak i\u00e7in hareket eden baz\u0131 \u201cfazilet sahibi\u201d T\u00fcrklerin gayretlerine ra\u011fmen, faillerin en az\u0131ndan bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n eylemlerinin Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019dan k\u0131smen veya tamamen yok edilmesi ile sonu\u00e7lanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilerek hareket ettikleri, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 1915 olaylar\u0131n\u0131n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nde tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, buna kar\u015f\u0131n S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin geriye do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclemeyece\u011fi sonucuna var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [foot]Hukuki de\u011ferlendirmenin metni i\u00e7in: https:\/\/ ww.ictj.org\/sites\/default\/files\/ICTJ-Turkey Armenian-Reconciliation-2002-English.pdf [eri\u015fim 19.06.2016][\/foot]<\/p>\n Ancak s\u00f6z konusu TARC raporundan rahats\u0131z olan Ermeni diasporas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan eski bir Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler g\u00f6revlisi olan Alfred de Zayas\u2019a haz\u0131rlat\u0131lan kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fte, S\u00f6zle\u015fme metninde bu konuda hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu bo\u015flu\u011fun her iki y\u00f6nde de doldurulmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu savunulmu\u015ftur. Zayas\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini dayand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuki gerek\u00e7eler ve kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk diplomatik \u00e7evrelerinde bu konuda kar\u015f\u0131 tarafla tart\u0131\u015fmaya girmemenin ve bu konuyu sorunun odak noktas\u0131 haline getirmemenin daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn dillendirildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte,[foot]Tacar, P., 2006. \u201c1915 Y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerine Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Su\u00e7u \u0130\u015flendi\u011fi Savlar\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Ba\u015fvurulabilecek Hukuk Yollar\u0131\u201d. Ermeni Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, (S.23-24), s.77-78.[\/foot] dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclemeyece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn eskisi kadar rahat bi\u00e7imde savunulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00d6te yandan hukuki tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n esas d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlendi\u011fi nokta, S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin geriye y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcp y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclemeyece\u011finden ziyade, soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unun S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin 2. maddesinde tan\u0131mlanan unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n 1915 olaylar\u0131nda mevcut olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7u, maddi unsur (actus reus) ve manevi unsur (mens rea) olmak \u00fczere iki unsurdan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.[foot]T\u00f6ner \u015een, S., 2010. Uluslararas\u0131 Hukukta Soyk\u0131r\u0131m, Etnik Temizlik ve Sald\u0131r\u0131. \u0130stanbul: On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, s.103.[\/foot]<\/p>\n Maddi unsur, su\u00e7u meydana getiren ve S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin 2. maddesinde be\u015f bent halinde say\u0131lan be\u015f fiildir. Yukar\u0131da de\u011finildi\u011fi \u00fczere, bu fiillerden (d) bendinde say\u0131lan \u201cgrup i\u00e7inde do\u011fumlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6nelik tedbirleri almak\u201d hari\u00e7 t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Ermeni tehciri s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015fu veya bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Sevk edilen Ermeni kafilelerine yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131larda \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, bedensel zararlara u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar tecav\u00fcze u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, sald\u0131r\u0131larda \u00f6lenlerden \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131 Suriye \u00e7\u00f6llerinde maruz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 ya\u015fam \u015fartlar\u0131 ve sevk edildikleri yerlerde toplam n\u00fcfusun belirli bir y\u00fczdesini ge\u00e7memelerini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in oradan oraya tekrar tekrar sevk edilmeleri sebebiyle hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f, kafilelerdeki Ermeni \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 (kimi zaman insani ama\u00e7larla da olsa) yerle\u015ftirildikleri yetimhanelerde veya M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ailelerin yan\u0131nda T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmi\u015f veya K\u00fcrtle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Manevi unsur ise, su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in mutlaka bulunmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6zel kast (dolus specialis) unsuru yani milli, etnik, \u0131rki veya dini bir grubu, grup olarak tamamen veya k\u0131smen yok etme kast\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zel kast, soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unu, di\u011fer t\u00fcm su\u00e7lardan ay\u0131ran en \u00f6nemli unsurdur; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu su\u00e7un i\u015flenmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n \u015fart\u0131, zaruri unsuru, asli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, \u00f6zel kast\u0131n mevcudiyetidir.[foot]T\u00f6ner \u015een, s.143.[\/foot] Su\u00e7un faili, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturan fiilleri bilerek ve isteyerek i\u015flerken milli, etnik, \u0131rki veya dini bir grubu tamamen veya k\u0131smen yok etmek maksad\u0131yla hareket etmelidir.<\/p>\n Buna ilaveten, Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerinin maruz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 muamelenin Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ndeki soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7u tan\u0131m\u0131 ile uyumlu oldu\u011funu de\u011ferlendiren ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukla g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 bir husus bulunmaktad\u0131r ki bu da soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unda saik\u0131n (motiv) da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nemi haiz olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ni haz\u0131rlayan Ad Hoc komitede Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin temsilcisi Morozov; su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sadece belirli gruplar\u0131n yok edilmesinin de\u011fil, bunun \u201cbu gruptaki insanlar\u0131n belirli bir \u0131rk veya milliyete ya da dine mensup olmas\u0131 nedeniyle\u201d i\u015flenmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011funu, bu nedenle S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019deki soyk\u0131r\u0131m tan\u0131m\u0131nda korunma alt\u0131na al\u0131nan gruplar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, su\u00e7 fiilinin arkas\u0131ndaki saik\u0131n da belirtilmesi gerekti\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur.[foot]Abtahi, H. & Webb, P., 2008. The Genocide Convention, The Travaux Pr\u00e9paratoires. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, s.849.[\/foot]<\/p>\n \u0130ngiliz ve Amerikan delegelerinin itirazlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin teklifi ve \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun deste\u011fi ile \u201cmilli, etnik, \u0131rki veya dini bir grubu, salt o grup olmas\u0131 nedeniyle yok etme\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cas such\u201d ibaresi metne eklenmi\u015ftir. (Burada ilgin\u00e7 bir husus, T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan 23.03.1950 g\u00fcn ve 5630 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019la onaylanan S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin 29.03.1950 tarih, 7469 say\u0131l\u0131 Resmi Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan metninde 2. maddenin ilgili paragraf\u0131nda \u201cas such\u201d ibaresinin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evrilmesinin ihmal edilmesi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ilgili maddenin \u201cmill\u00ee, etnik, \u0131rk\u00ee veya din\u00ee bir grubu, s\u0131rf bu grup olmas\u0131 nedeniyle k\u0131smen veya tamamen imha etmek\u201d anlam\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131racak bir bi\u00e7imde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.)[foot]\u0130lgili paragraf\u0131n Resmi Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f hali \u015fu \u015fekildedir: \u201c\u0130\u015fbu S\u00f6zle\u015fmede, jenosit, mill\u00ee, etnik, \u0131rk\u00ee veya din\u00ee bir grubu k\u0131smen veya tamamen imha etmek maksadiyle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki fiillerden herhangi birinin irtik\u00e2p olunmas\u0131 demektir.\u201d http:\/\/www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/a siv\/7469.pdf [eri\u015fim 19.06.2016]. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin \u0130ngilizce orijinal metnine \u015furadan eri\u015filebilir: https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/doc\/Publica tion\/UNTS\/Volume%2078\/volume 78-I-1021-English.pdf [eri\u015fim 19.06.2016].[\/foot] Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla fail hedef ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 gruptaki insanlar\u0131 salt bu grubun mensubu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de\u011fil, \u00f6rne\u011fin malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na el koymak, siyasi ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek gibi ba\u015fka bir saikle hareket ederek i\u015flemi\u015f ise, S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019de tan\u0131mlanan anlam\u0131yla soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unun unsurlar\u0131 olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r.[foot]T\u00f6ner \u015een, s.148.[\/foot] Nitekim Uluslararas\u0131 Yugoslavya Ceza Mahkemesi Jesilic karar\u0131nda, su\u00e7 fiillerinin, belli bir grubun \u00fcyelerine kar\u015f\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle de bu ki\u015filerin belli bir grubun mensubu olmas\u0131 nedeniyle i\u015flenmi\u015f olmas\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla failin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n temelinde ayr\u0131mc\u0131 (discriminatory) \u00f6zel kast bulunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini h\u00fckme ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [foot]Karar\u0131n metni i\u00e7in: http:\/\/www.icty.org\/x\/ cases\/jelisic\/tjug\/en\/jel-tj991214e.pdf [eri\u015fim 20.06.2016][\/foot]<\/p>\n Bu itibarla 1915\u2019te ya\u015fanan olaylar\u0131n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ndeki soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unun unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 eksiksiz ihtiva etti\u011fi, S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin ge\u00e7mi\u015fe etkili olarak uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu, keza bu ba\u011flamda T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti devletinin sorumlulu\u011funa gidilmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu[foot]S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin 4. maddesinde soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unun sadece ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenebilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[\/foot] y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin savunulmas\u0131nda \u201colmas\u0131 gereken hukuk\u201d (de lege feranda) tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan belki bir fayda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecekse de, \u201cy\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki hukuk\u201d (de lege lata) bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bunun olduk\u00e7a m\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcl g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bununla birlikte, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki hukuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan durum ne \u015fekilde olursa olsun, 1915 tehciri s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerinin maruz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 katliamlar\u0131n insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu ortadad\u0131r. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ndeki soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unun \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa dair bir hukuki tespit bu tarihsel ger\u00e7e\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirecek mahiyette de\u011fildir. Bu ba\u011flamda Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u015fahsi ar\u015fivinde bulunan belgelere g\u00f6re 972.246 insan\u0131n d\u00e2hil edildi\u011fi[foot]Bardak\u00e7\u0131, M., 2008. Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Evrak-\u0131 Metrukesi. \u0130stanbul: Everest Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s.106 vd.[\/foot], dolay\u0131s\u0131yla resmi a\u011f\u0131zlara \u2013yani verilen en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck rakama- g\u00f6re bile bir milyona yak\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Ermenisinin B\u00fcy\u00fck Fel\u00e2ketine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen Ermeni Tehcirini, Ba\u015fbakan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir pi\u015fkinlikle \u201cher toplumda, her \u00fclkede ya\u015fanabilen s\u0131radan olaylardan biri\u201d olarak nitelemesi kabul edilemez bir insanl\u0131k ay\u0131b\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00d6te yandan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Ermeni sorunu yabanc\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan halklar\u0131n karde\u015fli\u011fini tesis etmek gibi ulv\u00ee bir ama\u00e7la de\u011fil emperyalist politikalar\u0131n bir arac\u0131 olarak g\u00fcndemde tutulmakta, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fck bir tehdit olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. En son Almanya Federal Meclisi taraf\u0131ndan oylanan tasar\u0131n\u0131n, Suriyeli m\u00fclteci krizi ve T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131na serbest dola\u015f\u0131m hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nmas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndemde oldu\u011fu bir konjonkt\u00fcrde kabul edilmesinin tesad\u00fcf olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 herkes\u00e7e bilinmektedir. Keza tasar\u0131n\u0131n fikir babas\u0131 oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle \u201ckan\u0131 bozuk\u201d, \u201cs\u00fct\u00fc bozuk\u201d gibi \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 hakaretlere u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6l\u00fcm tehdidi ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinse de, Alman Ye\u015filler Partisi E\u015f Genel Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Cem \u00d6zdemir\u2019in, tasar\u0131n\u0131n kaleme al\u0131nmas\u0131nda ilerici, solcu veya sosyalist motivasyonla hareket etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenler, yeniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmelidir. \u00d6zdemir, kendi web sitesinde yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u00f6yle\u015fisinde bir d\u00f6nem ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ABD\u2019ye bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funa dair \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor:<\/p>\n \u201cABD\u2019yi hem yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla, hem do\u011frular\u0131yla hep ilklerin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lan bir kap\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum. \u2026 Ayr\u0131ca d\u00fcnyada anti-Amerikan l\u00fcks\u00fcne sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Sava\u015fla m\u00fccadelede, iklim problemlerinde, a\u00e7l\u0131kla ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klarla m\u00fccadelede, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin geni\u015flemesi gibi pek \u00e7ok konuda Amerikas\u0131z hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapamazs\u0131n\u0131z bu d\u00fcnyada.<\/em>\u201d[foot]http:\/\/www.oezdemir.de\/tuerkisch-2.html Eri\u015fim tarihi: 18.06.2016[\/foot]<\/p>\n Ermeni sorununun yabanc\u0131 devletler taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi siyasi bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda tutma vas\u0131tas\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin emperyalistler taraf\u0131ndan payla\u015f\u0131lmakta oldu\u011fu bir tarihsel kesitte ya\u015fanan olaylar\u0131[foot]Ermeni sorununun tarihsel geli\u015fimi hakk\u0131nda bir \u00f6zet ve Ta\u015fnak Partisinin 1915 Tehciri\u2019ne yol a\u00e7an olaylardaki rol\u00fc hakk\u0131nda bkz. Umar, A.B., 2015. Ermeni Devrimci Federasyonu (Ta\u015fnaktsutyun) K\u0131sa Tarihi 1890-1915. Ankara: Lena Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.[\/foot] bir \u201csoyk\u0131r\u0131m\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na kilitlemekte, emperyalizmin Ermeni k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndaki rol\u00fc ve sorumlulu\u011fu has\u0131ralt\u0131 edilmektedir. Emperyalist odaklar\u0131n d\u00fcmen suyunda giden ve g\u00fcya resmi tarih tezine alternatif \u00fcretme iddias\u0131nda olan liberal tarih\u00e7i ve yazarlar, meseleyi ger\u00e7ek tarihsel ba\u011flam\u0131ndan ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal boyutlar\u0131ndan kopararak ele almakta, T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7i tarih tezleri ile aralar\u0131na mesafe koymay\u0131 hassasiyetle g\u00f6zetirken, ayn\u0131 hassasiyeti Ermeni milliyet\u00e7i tarih tezleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6stermeyi gereksiz bulmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu \u00e7ifte standartl\u0131 tutum da T\u00fcrkiye n\u00fcfusunun ana g\u00f6vdesini olu\u015fturan kesimlerin, kendilerinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihsel ac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6nemsenmedi\u011fi ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 duygusuyla, T\u00fcrk resmi tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n tezlerine daha s\u0131k\u0131 sar\u0131lmalar\u0131na, Ermeni ve T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131 aras\u0131na ekilmi\u015f d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k tohumlar\u0131na s\u00fcrekli yenilerinin eklenmesine neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ortamda sosyalistler ve ilericiler taraf\u0131ndan izlenmesi gereken en do\u011fru yol bizce, halklar\u0131n ac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 birbirinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na koymayan, yar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmayan, bu ac\u0131lar\u0131 ortak ac\u0131lar olarak g\u00f6ren enternasyonalist bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na sahip olmaktan, emperyalist manip\u00fclasyonlara hapsolan tart\u0131\u015fmalardan uzak durarak halklar\u0131n karde\u015fli\u011fini savunmaktan ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Almanya Federal Meclisi, iktidardaki Hristiyan Demokrat Birli\u011fi (CDU), Hristiyan Sosyal Birli\u011fi (CSU), Sosyal Demokrat Partisi (SPD) koalisyon h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ve muhalefetteki Ye\u015filler Partisi\u2019nin 1915 olaylar\u0131n\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak niteleyen ortak tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, CDU milletvekillerinin \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 2 Haziran tarihli oylamada sadece bir ret ve bir \u00e7ekimser oya kar\u015f\u0131 ezici bir oy \u00e7oklu\u011fu ile kabul etti. “1915 ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1554","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sayilar-2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1554","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1554"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1554\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1554"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1554"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1554"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n b. Grup \u00fcyelerine ciddi fiziksel veya bedensel zarar vermek,<\/em>
\n c. Grubun k\u0131smen veya tamamen fiziksel olarak yok olmas\u0131na neden olaca\u011f\u0131 hesaplanan ya\u015fam \u015fartlar\u0131na kasten maruz b\u0131rakmak,<\/em>
\n d. Grup i\u00e7inde do\u011fumlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6nelik tedbirleri almak,<\/em>
\n e. Grubun \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 zorla ba\u015fka bir gruba nakletmek.<\/em><\/p>\n