Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan “\u0130\u015f Mahkemeleri Kanunu Tasar\u0131 Tasla\u011f\u0131”n\u0131n genel gerek\u00e7esinde i\u015f davalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u00fcresinin uzunlu\u011fu, i\u015f davalar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131sal \u00e7oklu\u011fu gibi nedenlerle yarg\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn hafifletilmesinin, i\u015f uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesinin ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Bunun i\u00e7in bireysel ve toplu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden kaynaklanan i\u015f\u00e7i alacaklar\u0131 ile i\u015fe iade taleplerinde dava a\u00e7madan \u00f6nce arabulucuya ba\u015fvurma zorunlulu\u011funun getirilmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda arabuluculu\u011fun zorunlu hale getirilmesi, d\u00fcnyadaki uygulamalar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6z\u00fc itibariyle arabuluculuk kurumuyla \u00e7eli\u015fkilidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc arabuluculuk sistemi aslen g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck esas\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim, 6352 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131nda Arabuluculuk Kanunu\u2019nun mevcut halinde arabuluculu\u011fun g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck temeli \u00fczerinde\/temelinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilece\u011fi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Alternatif uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemi olarak i\u015fleyen arabuluculu\u011fun g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck temeli \u00fczerine kurulmas\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli etken her iki taraf\u0131n da bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te e\u015fit haklara ve imkanlara sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i ile i\u015fverenin bu anlamda e\u015fit olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, i\u015f hukukunun temel ilkelerinden biri i\u015f\u00e7i lehine yorumdur.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin i\u015fveren ile e\u015fit imk\u00e2nlara sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda en basitinden alacak miktar\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak bilmeyen bir i\u015f\u00e7i arabulucu taraf\u0131ndan ne konuda uzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r? Arabuluculuk yolunda ne yaz\u0131k ki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yarg\u0131 yolu ile alabilecekleri haklar\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalacakt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla zorunlu arabuluculuk, genel gerek\u00e7ede ifade edildi\u011finin aksine hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc engeller bir nitelik kazanacakt\u0131r. Bununla i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yarg\u0131 yoluna ba\u015fvurmalar\u0131 engellenece\u011fi gibi, haklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok alt\u0131nda anla\u015fmalara raz\u0131 edilerek hak kayb\u0131 ya\u015famalar\u0131na neden olunacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bunun yan\u0131nda, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen zorunlu arabuluculuk d\u00fczenlemesi, yarg\u0131 erkinin adeta \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesidir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, demokratik devlet kavram\u0131, birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yarg\u0131, yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme erkleri \u00fczerine oturtulmaktad\u0131r. Yarg\u0131 erkinin, bu erki kullanan hakimler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin d\u00fczenlemesi ile baz\u0131 ba\u015fka olu\u015fumlara devri demokratik devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Zorunlu arabuluculuk d\u00fczenlemesi, Anayasam\u0131z\u0131n \u201cYarg\u0131 Yetkisi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 9. maddesine, \u201cKanun \u00d6n\u00fcnde E\u015fitlik\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 10. maddesine ve Anayasam\u0131z\u0131n \u201cAnayasan\u0131n Ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00dcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u201c ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 11. maddesinde yer alan kanunlar\u0131n Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamayaca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fckm\u00fcne, \u201cTemel Haklar\u0131n Niteli\u011fi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 12. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, Anayasam\u0131z\u0131n 36. maddesinde hak arama h\u00fcrriyeti d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Zorunlu arabuluculuk bu d\u00fczenlemeye de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Anayasan\u0131n 37. maddesinde \u201cKanuni Hakim G\u00fcvencesini\u201d getirilmi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan d\u00fczenleme bu maddeye de ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Yine tasar\u0131, Anayasam\u0131z\u0131n 40. maddesindeki \u201cTemel Hak ve H\u00fcrriyetlerin Korunmas\u0131\u201d h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine de ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir d\u00fczenleme niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n
Tasar\u0131 tasla\u011f\u0131ndaki olumsuz di\u011fer bir d\u00fczenleme de, i\u015f\u00e7inin bir\u00e7ok alacak kalemi talebi ile a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 davada (davalar\u0131n y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131) kesinlik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n her bir alacak i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmesi noktas\u0131nda toplanmaktad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131, ihbar tazminat\u0131, fazla mesai, y\u0131ll\u0131k izin gibi alacak kalemleri ayn\u0131 davada talep edilse dahi, her bir alacak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 kesinlik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirile-cektir. Ayn\u0131 davada kesinlik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7en alacak ve ge\u00e7emeyen alacak oldu\u011fundan dava itiraz yolu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00f6l\u00fcnecek midir? Ayr\u0131ca miktar\u0131 25.000 TL\u2019yi ge\u00e7meyen alacaklarda b\u00f6lge adliye mahkemesi karar\u0131 kesin olaca\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7i davalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda Yarg\u0131tay yolu kapal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir sak\u0131ncal\u0131 durum da, birbirini etkileyen alacak kalemlerinde (\u00fccretin miktar\u0131n\u0131n ihtilafl\u0131 oldu\u011fu durumlarda) mahkemenin kabul\u00fcne g\u00f6re d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan \u00fccret alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n istinaf mahkemesinde kesinle\u015fmesi ve bu \u00fccret d\u00fczeyine ba\u011fl\u0131 k\u0131dem ve ihbar tazminat\u0131, sendikal tazminat vb. alacaklar\u0131n miktar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Yarg\u0131tay denetiminde bozulmas\u0131 halinde, olu\u015facak \u00e7eli\u015fik durumlar yarg\u0131 g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sarsacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f davalar\u0131nda, i\u015fe iade ile toplu i\u015f hukuku (Sendikalar ve Toplu \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi Kanunu\u2019ndan kaynaklanan) uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131nda Yarg\u0131tay yolunun kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 kabul edilir bir yakla\u015f\u0131m de\u011fildir. \u0130\u015fe iade davalar\u0131, sendikalar\u0131n yetki ve genel kurul uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131, grev, i\u015fkolu ve i\u015fletme kavramlar\u0131 ile ilgili uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar \u00e7ok \u00f6zel ve teknik nitelikteki davalard\u0131r. Bu davalar\u0131n sadece istinaf mahkemelerine itiraz yolu ile g\u00f6nderilmesi, temyiz ve Yarg\u0131tay yolunun kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 bu konularda i\u00e7tihat ve uygulama birli\u011fi yolunu kapatacak, \u00fclkenin yedi b\u00f6lgesinde ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 i\u00e7tihat ve uygulamalar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay yolu kapat\u0131lan bu davalarda, Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n uzman daireleri, i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in y\u0131llar harcam\u0131\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck emek sarf etmi\u015flerdir. Bug\u00fcn bile zaman zaman i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n oturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, uzman dairelerin bile zaman zaman bocalad\u0131\u011f\u0131na tan\u0131k olunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin toplu pazarl\u0131k hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve toplu i\u015f hukukunu etkileyecek s\u00f6z konusu d\u00fczenlemeler, i\u015f hukukunun bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc adeta s\u0131f\u0131rlayacak, y\u0131llar\u0131n getirdi\u011fi birikim, emek ve deneyim \u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bunun yan\u0131nda, b\u00f6lge adliye mahkemeleri her ne kadar bir ba\u015fkan ve iki \u00fcye ile heyet halinde toplan\u0131p karar verecek olsa da, bu mahkemeler yerel mahkemelerin benzeri bir yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcreci g\u00f6recek olup, Yarg\u0131tay gibi i\u00e7tihat ortaya koymayacakt\u0131r. Bu durumda yerel mahkemedeki yarg\u0131laman\u0131n tekrar\u0131ndan ve temyiz yolunun kapat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ba\u015fkaca bir sonu\u00e7 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmayacakt\u0131r. \u0130stinaf mahkemesi iddia edilenin aksine davan\u0131n esas\u0131na bakaca\u011f\u0131ndan davalar\u0131n daha da uzamas\u0131na neden olacakt\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7tihat birli\u011fi birden fazla istinaf mahkemesinin kurulmas\u0131yla kaybolacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tasar\u0131 ile i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin feshinde i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 (bo\u015fta ge\u00e7en) s\u00fcre alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n mahiyeti \u201ctazminat\u201d olarak nitelenmektedir. Mevcut d\u00fczenleme gere\u011fi ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131lan fesihte i\u015f\u00e7iye ihbar ve k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131 ile di\u011fer yasal haklar\u0131 i\u015fverence \u00f6denmi\u015f olsa dahi, hizmet s\u00fcresine eklenen bu d\u00f6rt ayl\u0131k s\u00fcre sebebiyle ihbar ve k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131 veya y\u0131ll\u0131k izin \u00fccreti farklar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Madde gerek\u00e7esinde 4 ayl\u0131k bo\u015fta ge\u00e7me s\u00fcresine ili\u015fkin \u00fccretin art\u0131k tazminat olarak nitelendirilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla i\u015fveren art\u0131k bu bo\u015fta ge\u00e7me s\u00fcresine ili\u015fkin \u00f6demenin sigorta primini \u00f6demeyece\u011fi gibi, bu s\u00fcre k\u0131deme ba\u011fl\u0131 haklara da bir etki yaratmayacakt\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bir hakk\u0131 daha gasp edilmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tasar\u0131 tasla\u011f\u0131yla, hak aramay\u0131 engelleyici bir \u015fekilde, k\u0131dem-ihbar tazminat\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fc niyet tazminat\u0131 ve y\u0131ll\u0131k izin alaca\u011f\u0131nda zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 2 y\u0131la indirilmektedir. \u00d6ncelikle i\u015f\u00e7ilik alacaklar\u0131nda zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 2 y\u0131la indirilmesi Anayasan\u0131n e\u015fitlik ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nda tazminat alacaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in 10 y\u0131ll\u0131k zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcresi belirlenirken, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin tazminatlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen 2 y\u0131ll\u0131k zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcresi an\u0131lan e\u015fitlik ilkesine kesinlikle ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r. Bu d\u00fczenlemenin en vahim yan\u0131, y\u00fcksek har\u00e7lar ve yarg\u0131lama gideri avanslar\u0131 nede-niyle k\u0131smi dava a\u00e7an i\u015f\u00e7inin neredeyse t\u00fcm alacaklar\u0131n\u0131n dava sona ermeden zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011frayacak olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Zira yerle\u015fik Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131na g\u00f6re; k\u0131smi davada zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131lan k\u0131smi dava de\u011feri kadar\u0131yla kesilmekte, bilirki\u015fi hesaplamas\u0131na g\u00f6re dava de\u011ferinin \u0131slah yolu ile artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda, artt\u0131r\u0131lan dava de\u011ferinin zaman-a\u015f\u0131m\u0131na girip girmedi\u011fi \u0131slah tarihi itibar\u0131yla tekrar de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrelerinin uzunlu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu kadar k\u0131sa zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcresinin ciddi hak kay\u0131plar\u0131na yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Tasar\u0131, i\u015f yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerek\u00e7esi daha do\u011frusu bahanesi, ile bireysel ve kolektif i\u015f hukukuna ili\u015fkin i\u015f\u00e7i lehine var olan haklar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131p i\u015f\u00e7ilerin\/sendikalar\u0131n yarg\u0131 yolunu etkili kullanmalar\u0131n\u0131 (mevcut durum g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda dahi) tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta olup, tasar\u0131 yeni pek \u00e7ok soruna ve hak kay\u0131plar\u0131na yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan “\u0130\u015f Mahkemeleri Kanunu Tasar\u0131 Tasla\u011f\u0131”n\u0131n genel gerek\u00e7esinde i\u015f davalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u00fcresinin uzunlu\u011fu, i\u015f davalar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131sal \u00e7oklu\u011fu gibi nedenlerle yarg\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn hafifletilmesinin, i\u015f uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesinin ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Bunun i\u00e7in bireysel ve toplu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden kaynaklanan i\u015f\u00e7i alacaklar\u0131 ile i\u015fe iade taleplerinde dava a\u00e7madan \u00f6nce arabulucuya ba\u015fvurma zorunlulu\u011funun getirilmesi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1572","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sayilar-2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1572","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1572"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1572\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6955,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1572\/revisions\/6955"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1572"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1572"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1572"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}