Aristofanes\u2019in \u201cE\u015fekar\u0131lar\u0131\u201d isimli oyununda o\u011ful Bdelykleon yarg\u0131\u00e7l\u0131k mesle\u011fine tutulmu\u015f babas\u0131 Philokleon\u2019a onu bu tutkusundan vazge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in der ki: K\u00f6lelik de\u011fil de nedir senin ki? Ayn\u0131 zamanda yazar Aristofanes\u2019in de daha oyunun ilk sayfalar\u0131nda ne kadar sert bir ele\u015ftiri i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir bu c\u00fcmle. Bu yaz\u0131da da yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok\u00e7a tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir konu oldu\u011fu, toplumun yarg\u0131 unsurlar\u0131na ve adalete olan g\u00fcveninin kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6yleyebildi\u011fimiz bug\u00fcnlerde yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n gereklili\u011fi \u00fczerine M.\u00d6. 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yaz\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen g\u00fcncelli\u011fini hi\u00e7 yitirmeyen “E\u015fekar\u0131lar\u0131” (Yarg\u0131\u00e7lar) metnine k\u0131saca bakmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Aristofanes Atina\u2019n\u0131n adalet mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 ve yarg\u0131 sistemini ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi bu oyunu yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada 20.000 n\u00fcfuslu Atina\u2019da 6000 yurtta\u015f on mahkemede yarg\u0131\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6rev yapmakta idi. Her sabah mahkemelerin \u00f6n\u00fcnde bekleyen yurtta\u015flar o g\u00fcnk\u00fc mahkemede j\u00fcri \u00fcyeli\u011fi yaparlard\u0131. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 d\u00f6rt ki\u015fiden birinin yarg\u0131\u00e7 oldu\u011fu bir ortamdan bahsediyoruz. Haliyle Aristofanes bu kadar yarg\u0131c\u0131n oldu\u011fu, \u00f6zelikle \u201cdemagog\u201d Kleon\u2019un y\u00f6netimi d\u00f6neminde ald\u0131klar\u0131 para 3 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yarg\u0131\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n kazan\u00e7l\u0131 bir i\u015f haline geldi\u011fi, yurtta\u015flar\u0131n birbirini gammazlayarak \u201cyarg\u0131lanacak\u201d i\u015f yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde bu tablonun parodisini yapmaktan geri durmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada bir parantez a\u00e7arak Aristofanes\u2019in T\u00fck\u00e7e’ye \u00e7evrilen oyunlar\u0131n\u0131n sadece isimleri ile dahi dikkat \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (Lysistrata-Kad\u0131nlar Sava\u015f\u0131, Bar\u0131\u015f, Bulutlar, K\u00f6m\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Ku\u015flar), oyunlar\u0131n\u0131n genelinde abs\u00fcrt olaylar ile toplumsal ya da ahlaki denge yasalar\u0131n\u0131n veyahut mevcut siyasal durumun ve kurumlarda meydana gelen \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmenin ve sistemin ele\u015ftirisini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek gerekir.<\/p>\n
Kendini ancak yarg\u0131\u00e7 olarak var eden, tek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi adam yarg\u0131lamak olan bu nedenle geceleri g\u00f6z\u00fcne uyku bile girmeyen Philokleon[foot]Kleon\u2019un dostu anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O\u011flu Bdelykleon ise Kleon\u2019un d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Aristofanes, baba ile o\u011ful aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda siyasi denetimi elinde bulunduran \u201cdemagog\u201d Kleon \u00fczerinden kurar ve Kleon\u2019u ele\u015ftirir.[\/foot] oyunun ba\u015fki\u015fisidir. O\u011flu Bdelykleon babas\u0131n\u0131 bu k\u00f6t\u00fc yarg\u0131\u00e7l\u0131k tak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7irmek ister, daha g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131madan mahkemenin yolunu tutan babas\u0131n\u0131 engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, onu eve kapat\u0131r. Philokleon ise komik bir bi\u00e7imde ya bacadan ya e\u015fe\u011fin alt\u0131na sar\u0131larak ya da a\u011flar\u0131 kemirerek ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Philokleon bu ka\u00e7ma \u00e7abalar\u0131ndan birinde yakalan\u0131r. O s\u0131rada Philokleon\u2019un yarg\u0131\u00e7 arkada\u015flar\u0131 e\u015fekar\u0131lar\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131karlar. Philokleon\u2019u almaya gelmi\u015flerdir. Bdelykleon babas\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fin asl\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir i\u015fe yaramad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, daha fazla para kazanmak u\u011fruna masumlar\u0131 cezaland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.<\/p>\n
\u201cSizin i\u015finiz g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcz bu: D\u00f6rt bir yanda zorbal\u0131k g\u00f6rmek \u015eunu bunu vatan haini diye damgalamak<\/em>\u201d [foot]Aristophanes, E\u015fekar\u0131lar\u0131, (Yarg\u0131\u00e7lar), \u201cE\u015fekar\u0131lar\u0131, Kad\u0131nlar Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Di\u011fer Oyunlar\u201d, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2014. s.26[\/foot].<\/p>\n Philokleon yarg\u0131\u00e7l\u0131k mesle\u011fi ile bir kazan\u00e7 kap\u0131s\u0131 olmas\u0131 ile \u00f6v\u00fcnmektedir, ancak bu i\u015fi yapmak bir yandan da varolu\u015f \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r onun i\u00e7in, ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir iktidar\u0131 olmayan ki\u015fi kendisini \u201cyarg\u0131\u00e7l\u0131k\u201d unvan\u0131 ile var eder.<\/p>\n \u201cBizim egemenli\u011fimiz b\u00fct\u00fcn egemenliklerin \u00fcst\u00fcndedir.<\/em><\/p>\n Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7a\u011fda hangi mutluluk<\/em><\/p>\n Bir yarg\u0131c\u0131n mutlulu\u011fundan daha mutludur?<\/em><\/p>\n Hangi yarat\u0131k ondan daha keyifli ya\u015far?<\/em><\/p>\n Hangi yarat\u0131ktan korkulur, ondan daha \u00e7ok, <\/em><\/p>\n Kocam\u0131\u015f, beli b\u00fck\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu halde?<\/em><\/p>\n Ben daha yata\u011f\u0131mdan kalkmadan<\/em><\/p>\n Bir s\u00fcr\u00fc insan bekle\u015fir mahkeme kap\u0131lar\u0131nda<\/em>\u201d <\/p>\n Bdelykleon babas\u0131n\u0131 bu s\u00f6z yar\u0131\u015f\u0131nda alt eder ve babas\u0131 mahkemeye gidemez;<\/p>\n \u201cKendin de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsene biraz can\u0131m:<\/em><\/p>\n Sen neden zengin de\u011filsin, herkes neden yoksul?<\/em><\/p>\n Bu s\u00f6zde halk dostlar\u0131 afsunluyor seni:<\/em><\/p>\n Ta Pontos\u2019tan Sardenya\u2019ya kadar<\/em><\/p>\n Bunca \u015fehir var senin emrinde:<\/em><\/p>\n Ne ge\u00e7iyor eline birka\u00e7 metelikten ba\u015fka?<\/em><\/p>\n Bu paray\u0131 bile y\u00fcnden ya\u011f s\u00fczer gibi <\/em><\/p>\n Damla damla veriyorlar; \u00f6lmemen i\u00e7in.<\/em><\/p>\n Yoksul kalman\u0131 istiyorlar senin,<\/em><\/p>\n Ni\u00e7in mi istiyorlar, bak s\u00f6yleyeyim sana:<\/em><\/p>\n Seni besleyenlere ba\u011fl\u0131 kalman i\u00e7in,<\/em><\/p>\n Isl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ald\u0131lar m\u0131 a\u00e7 kurt gibi at\u0131las\u0131n diye<\/em><\/p>\n Onlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne.<\/em><\/p>\n Halk\u0131n rahat etmesini isteseler, ettirirler kolayca.<\/em>\u201d[foot]A.g.e. s.36[\/foot]<\/p>\n Bunun \u00fczerine Bdelykleon evde kalan ve yarg\u0131\u00e7l\u0131k hastas\u0131 babas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cyalanc\u0131\u201d bir mahkeme kurar. Evin k\u00f6peklerinin yarg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu sahnede k\u00f6pek Labes, Sicilya peynirini yemi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer k\u00f6pek Kleon kendisine pay vermedi\u011fi i\u00e7in Labes\u2019i su\u00e7lar. Su\u00e7lanan k\u00f6pe\u011fin savunuculu\u011funu \u00fcstlenen Bdelykleon, Labes in evi, s\u00fcr\u00fcleri ve bir\u00e7ok varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 korudu\u011funu, kurtlarla sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r, oysa Kleon sadece evde yatmakta s\u00fcrekli beslenmek istemekte a\u00e7 b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131nca da sahiplerine sald\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bdelykleon, Labes \u00e7anak, peynir rendesi, \u0131zgara, \u00e7\u00f6mlek gibi nesneleri tan\u0131k olarak g\u00f6sterir. Bu savunma \u00fcst\u00fcne Philokleon istemeyerek de olsa beraat karar\u0131 vermek zorunda kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n Oyunda davalar ile olduk\u00e7a k\u0131t kanaat ya\u015fayabilen bir insan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Bu davalar ise \u00e7o\u011funlukla haks\u0131z ihbarlardan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Aristofanes\u2019in ele\u015ftirilerinden biri bunad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yoksulluk ve yoksulluk nedeniyle bir i\u015f haline gelmi\u015f yarg\u0131\u00e7l\u0131k mesle\u011finden bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu tablo o d\u00f6neme ait bir tablodur. Ancak benzer olan ve bizi oyunu incele-meye iten \u015fey iktidar\u0131 elinde bulunduranlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda yarg\u0131y\u0131 da denetimi alt\u0131nda tutma \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. Oyunda da ortaya konuldu\u011fu gibi Antik Yunan\u2019da demagoglarla yarg\u0131\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc, ama \u00e7ok bilin\u00e7li bir anla\u015fma yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Politikac\u0131lar bu \u201cmemur\u201d proletaryas\u0131n\u0131 beslemek i\u00e7in say\u0131s\u0131z davalar a\u00e7ar ya da a\u00e7t\u0131r\u0131rlar; site i\u00e7inde jurnalcili\u011fi ge\u00e7erli k\u0131larlar. Kendi-sini besleyene kar\u015f\u0131 u\u015fakl\u0131\u011fa var\u0131ncaya kadar her \u015feyi kabul eden halk ise mecliste s\u00f6z konusu dava vekillerinin yarg\u0131 politikas\u0131n\u0131 desteklerler. Aristophanes bu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sergiler.[foot]Andre Bonnard, “Aristophanes ve G\u00fclmek”, Antik Yunan Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 – 2, Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131n, 2004, s.256.[\/foot]<\/p>\n E\u015fekar\u0131lar\u0131 metninde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, (Antik Yunan\u2019da da) k\u00f6leci toplumlardan bu yana hukuk \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 (toprak ve aletler) \u00fczerinde tasarruf sahibi olan ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla siyasi iktidar\u0131 elinde bulunduran s\u0131n\u0131f taraf\u0131ndan, ezilen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 boyunduruk alt\u0131nda tutma ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrme arac\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlam\u0131yla burjuva hukuk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hukukun ba\u015fl\u0131ca i\u015flevi iktidar\u0131n me\u015frulu\u011funu sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de son 10 y\u0131lda hukuk, daha \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerde oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ok daha fazla siyasetin i\u00e7inde yer alm\u0131\u015f, AKP iktidar\u0131n\u0131n ideolojisini ve rejimini kurma ve sa\u011flama ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur. Ancak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de son 10 y\u0131lda en g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan husus, hukuk sisteminin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcnde yarg\u0131lama faaliyetinin \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamas\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmden a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde etkilenmesi ve sistemi de ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemesidir.<\/p>\n AKP, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz d\u00f6nemde Hakim ve Savc\u0131lar Y\u00fcksek Kurulu\u2019nun (HSYK) yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, \u00d6zel G\u00f6revli Mahkemeler yerine Ter\u00f6rle M\u00fccadele Kanunu\u2019nun 10. maddesiyle g\u00f6revlendirilen mahkemeler, Tan\u0131k Koruma Kanunu, soru\u015fturman\u0131n gizli y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini d\u00fczenleyen maddeler ve istedi\u011fi her zaman yasamaya ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 KHK\u2019lar ile toplumu hukuk eliyle k\u00f6\u015feye k\u0131st\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, hukukun kendisini de halk aleyhine olmak \u00fczere i\u015flevsizle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn \u0130stinaf Mahkemeleri \u00f6rne\u011finde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz on y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde de Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin, Yarg\u0131tay, Dan\u0131\u015ftay, Askeri Yarg\u0131tay, Askeri Y\u00fcksek \u0130dare Mahkemesi\u2019nin yap\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00fcyeleri de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek, iktidar\u0131n kendine yak\u0131n g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fcyeleri kritik g\u00f6revlere atad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konjonkt\u00fcrde, y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilke haline getirildi. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde de HSYK atamalar\u0131 ile yine ilerici hakimlerin yerlerinin de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011fini, iktidar\u0131n y\u00f6netebilece\u011fi yarg\u0131 mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek mahkemelerde g\u00f6revlere getirildi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Bu anlamda oyunun bug\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiyesi\u2019nden okudu\u011fumuzda s\u00f6yleyecek s\u00f6z\u00fc olan bir oyun oldu\u011funu, ge\u00e7en 2500 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde iktidar\u0131n yarg\u0131 ile kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisinin hala baki oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Ancak bir yandan da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde 2500 y\u0131ld\u0131r ele\u015ftirinin dozunun hi\u00e7 azalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rerek de umutlu olabilir, Aristofanes\u2019in di\u011fer oyunlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok\u00e7a oldu\u011fu gibi hem bar\u0131\u015f\u0131, hem adaleti, hem e\u015fitli\u011fi birlikte talep edebiliriz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Aristofanes\u2019in \u201cE\u015fekar\u0131lar\u0131\u201d isimli oyununda o\u011ful Bdelykleon yarg\u0131\u00e7l\u0131k mesle\u011fine tutulmu\u015f babas\u0131 Philokleon\u2019a onu bu tutkusundan vazge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in der ki: K\u00f6lelik de\u011fil de nedir senin ki? Ayn\u0131 zamanda yazar Aristofanes\u2019in de daha oyunun ilk sayfalar\u0131nda ne kadar sert bir ele\u015ftiri i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir bu c\u00fcmle. Bu yaz\u0131da da yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok\u00e7a tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir konu oldu\u011fu, toplumun yarg\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1580","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sayilar-2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1580","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1580"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1580\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1580"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1580"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1580"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}