{"id":1619,"date":"2017-06-27T06:57:55","date_gmt":"2017-06-27T06:57:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=1619"},"modified":"2017-08-26T08:04:13","modified_gmt":"2017-08-26T05:04:13","slug":"david-harveye-sorular-sermaye-ve-anti-kapitalizm-uzerine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=1619","title":{"rendered":"David Harvey\u2019e Sorular: \u201cSermaye ve Anti-Kapitalizm \u00dczerine\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u201cMekan\u201d ve \u201ckent\u201d alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla tan\u0131nan ve kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7evrilmesiyle birlikte T\u00fcrkiye okurundan da olduk\u00e7a ilgi g\u00f6ren Marksist co\u011frafyac\u0131 David Harvey 2001 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana New York \u015eehir \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Sermaye birikim ve dola\u015f\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ile co\u011frafya aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015fan yazar\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki kitaplar\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131ralanabilir: \u201cPost- modernli\u011fin Durumu\u201d, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131; \u201cSosyal Adalet ve \u015eehir\u201d, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131; \u201cUmut Mekanlar\u0131\u201d, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131; \u201cAsi \u015eehirler\u201d, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131; \u201cMarx\u2019\u0131n Kapitali i\u00e7in K\u0131lavuz\u201d, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131; \u201cParis, Modernitenin Ba\u015fkenti\u201d, Sel Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k; \u201cSermaye Muammas\u0131\u201d, Sel Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k; \u201cSermaye Mekanlar\u0131\u201d, Sel Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k; \u201cNeolibera- lizmin K\u0131sa Tarihi\u201d, Sel Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k; \u201cOn Yedi \u00c7eli\u015fki ve Kapitalizmin Sonu\u201d, Sel Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k; \u201cKent Deneyimi\u201d, Sel Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k; \u201cSermayenin S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131\u201d, Yaz\u0131lama Yay\u0131nevi; \u201c Yeni Emperyalizm\u201d, Everest Yay\u0131nlar\u0131; \u201cKozmopolitlik ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Co\u011frafyalar\u0131\u201d, \u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131; \u201cMarka Bilmecesi\u201d(Duncan Bruce ile birlikte), T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

Profes\u00f6r Harvey\u2019e, yo\u011fun program\u0131 aras\u0131nda cevaplama nezaketi g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi, sermayenin \u00e7eli\u015fkileri ve kapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele \u00fczerine -hukuku ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi de i\u00e7ine katt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z- \u015fu alt\u0131 soruyu y\u00f6nelttik:<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilen son kitab\u0131n\u0131z On Yedi \u00c7eli\u015fki ve Kapitalizmin Sonu (Seventeen Contradictions and The End of Capitalism) ile ba\u015flayal\u0131m. Kitab\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 her ne kadar ilk bak\u0131\u015fta kapitalizmin sonunu getirecek olan \u00e7eli\u015fkilerinin s\u0131ralanarak ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlenimini uyand\u0131rsa da asl\u0131nda kapitalizmin de\u011fil sermayenin (kapital) \u00e7eli\u015fkilerini inceliyorsunuz. \u00c7eli\u015fkileri ise \u201ctemel\u201d, \u201chareketli\u201d ve \u201ctehlikeli\u201d olarak \u00fc\u00e7 gruba ay\u0131r\u0131yorsunuz. Peki kapitalizm ve sermaye aras\u0131ndaki bu ayr\u0131m\u0131n, \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 potansiyellerini belirleme noktas\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemini nas\u0131l anlamam\u0131z gerekiyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n

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S\u00f6z konusu ayr\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in bir analojiye ba\u015fvuruyorum. Kapitalizm zaman ve mekanda yolculuk eden b\u00fcy\u00fck bir okyanus gemisi gibidir. Sermaye (kapital) ise gemiyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran motor. E\u011fer motor durursa gemi su \u00fczerinde kontrols\u00fcz bir bi\u00e7imde hareketsiz kal\u0131r ve geminin \u00fczerindekilerin hayat\u0131 riske girer. Ben neyin yanl\u0131\u015f gidebilece\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in motoru incelemek istedim. Bunun i\u00e7inse geminin i\u00e7inde ve etraf\u0131nda meydana gelen di\u011fer her \u015feyi soyutlamak zorundayd\u0131m. Bizler do\u011fa bilimlerinin ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu t\u00fcrden deneyler yapma l\u00fcks\u00fcne sahip de\u011filiz. Bunun yerine soyutlaman\u0131n [abstraction] sahip oldu\u011fu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullanmak zorunday\u0131z. Kapital\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7 cildi de esas itibar\u0131yla, kapitalizmin tarihini etkilemi\u015f her \u00e7e\u015fit kritik \u00f6zelli\u011fi soyutlar. Kapitalizmin do\u011fu\u015fundan \u00f6nce de var olan ve onun taraf\u0131ndan devral\u0131nan \u0131rk, patriarki, din vs., sermaye taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re bu kategoriler sermayenin hareket yasalar\u0131n\u0131n, kendisini pratikte ortaya koyan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imini derinden etkileyen ko\u015fullarla (\u0131rksal \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma gibi) kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rken bile saf bir ekonomik sistem olarak sermayenin hareket yasalar\u0131n\u0131 anlamada bize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ben motorun bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n kapitalizmin sonu anlam\u0131na gelece\u011fini hat\u0131rda tutarak Marx\u2019\u0131 takip etmeye ve sermayenin i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkileri hakk\u0131nda yazmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Kapitalizmin sona erebilece\u011fi ve motorun d\u0131\u015fsal nedenlerle i\u015fleyi\u015finin durabilece\u011fi (n\u00fckleer sava\u015flar ya da ekolojik felaketler gibi) ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok yol tabi ki vard\u0131r; fakat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131 -Marx\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi- sermayenin i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkileriyle s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131m.<\/p>\n

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Peki sermayenin \u00e7eli\u015fkileri \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselen m\u00fccadelelerin hukuki-yasal yollarla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n stratejik anlam\u0131 ne olabilir? \u00d6rnek verecek olursak; t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de do\u011fan\u0131n sermayele\u015ftirilmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn kesilmesi i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir\u00e7ok dava var. Bu gibi hukuki prosed\u00fcrlerin sermaye birikiminin i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkilerinin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 potansiyeli \u00fczerinde ne gibi bir etkisi var sizce?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anti-kapitalist m\u00fccadele bir\u00e7ok bi\u00e7im alabilir. Ben mahkemelerde sonu\u00e7lanan m\u00fccadele tipi konusunda pek hevesli de\u011filim. Bunun iki nedeni var. \u0130lki, \u00f6zellikle de temyiz s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda olduk\u00e7a uzun zaman almas\u0131; ikinci ve daha \u00f6nemlisi ise yarg\u0131sal h\u00fck\u00fcmleri y\u00f6nlendiren \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti ve bireysel haklar\u0131 kay\u0131rma\/koruma e\u011filimindeki burjuva hukuku taraf\u0131ndan belirleniyor olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u201cSermayenin g\u00fcc\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flam bir muhalefet olu\u015fturma becerisi\u201d ba\u011flam\u0131nda, radikal sol hareketin devam\u0131 ve yerel aktivizme kar\u015f\u0131 ele\u015ftirel bir tutumunuz var. Bu ba\u011flamda \u201ckavranmas\u0131 neredeyse imkans\u0131z bir\u201d post-yap\u0131salc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce alt\u0131nda toplanan solun, \u201ciktidar\u0131 almadan d\u00fcnyay\u0131  de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a (…) kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n d\u00fcnyaya serbest\u00e7e h\u00fckmetme becerisine meydan okuyacak hi\u00e7bir kuvvet\u201d olu\u015fturamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade ediyorsunuz. B\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenizin sebebi nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Baz\u0131 iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc nedenlerle solun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde devleti d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir ayg\u0131t olarak kullanma konusunda derin bir \u015f\u00fcphe s\u00f6z konusu ve buna siyasal parti ve sivil toplumdaki \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin kolektif bi\u00e7imlerinin ele\u015ftirisi e\u015flik ediyor. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n belli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ge\u00e7mi\u015f tecr\u00fcbeleri insanlar\u0131 (yine iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc nedenlerle) sosyalizm ve kom\u00fcnizme dair d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden vazge\u00e7irdi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn anti-kapitalist politikas\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla yatayl\u0131k ideali, \u00f6zerklik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ve benim ideolojik olmayan [non-ideological] k\u00fclt\u00fcrel anar\u015fizm dedi\u011fim \u015fey taraf\u0131ndan canl\u0131 tutuluyor. B\u00f6yle bir politikan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ve gerekli bir bi\u00e7imde b\u00f6ylesi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 stratejilerin yeniden de\u011ferlendirildiklerini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Neoliberalizmin K\u0131sa Tarihi’nde neoliberalle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin ifade etti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fimlerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in halk\u0131n siyasi r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fa edilmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorsunuz. R\u0131zan\u0131n temelini ifade etmek i\u00e7inse Gramsci\u2019nin sa\u011fduyu kavram\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131yorsunuz. Burada dikkatimi \u00e7eken \u015fey sa\u011fduyu [common-sense] ile \u201czaman\u0131n meselelerinden ele\u015ftirel bir \u015fekilde in\u015fa edilebilen\u201d akl\u0131selim [good- sense] aras\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z ayr\u0131m. Kapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, akl\u0131selim ile sa\u011fduyu aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131n anlam\u0131 ne olabilir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Politik sorunlara dair sa\u011fduyuya dayanan bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sermayeye kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede kullan\u0131lan bir ve tek \u201csihirli mermi\u201dnin bulundu\u011funu varsaymak demektir. Fakat anti-kapitalist hareketin birbirinden farkl\u0131 eylem alanlar\u0131nda e\u015f zamanl\u0131 ve stratejik bir bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fini \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Bildi\u011finiz gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Temmuz ayn\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen darbe giri\u015fimi sonras\u0131 ilan edilen ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hal ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde \u00fc\u00e7 ayl\u0131\u011f\u0131na uzat\u0131ld\u0131. Fakat ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc halin otoriter uygulamalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u201cdemokrasi\u201d kavram\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok siyasi slogan kamusal alanda yer alabiliyor. Siz b\u00f6ylesi sloganlara tam da siyasi r\u0131zan\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 do\u011frultusunda neoliberalizmin \u201cbelirli stratejilerinin\u201d maskelenmesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda ba\u015fvuruldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorsunuz. Bu ba\u011flamda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hali nas\u0131l yorumlars\u0131n\u0131z?<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durumu kar\u015f\u0131layacak bir cevap vermek benim i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a zor. Fakat genel bir kural olarak s\u00f6yleyecek olursam; siyasi sloganlara ba\u015fvurmak kimi zaman \u00fcretken politik m\u00fcdahalelerin imkan\u0131n\u0131 insanlara hat\u0131rlatmak ve canland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olsa bile bunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak ele al\u0131nmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 daima temkinli olmal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Son olarak, kapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fi organize etmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, \u00fcretimin mekan\u0131nda ya\u015fanan yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fim (fabrikadan \u015fehrin her alan\u0131na) ne anlama geliyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ben her zaman ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadeleyi \u00fcretim noktas\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadeleler kadar \u00f6nemli g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Bu iki perspektif aras\u0131ndaki koalisyonlar insanlar\u0131 ortak bir politik ajandan\u0131n etraf\u0131nda bir araya getirme noktas\u0131nda bilhassa g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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 <\/div>\n

Te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederiz.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cMekan\u201d ve \u201ckent\u201d alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla tan\u0131nan ve kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7evrilmesiyle birlikte T\u00fcrkiye okurundan da olduk\u00e7a ilgi g\u00f6ren Marksist co\u011frafyac\u0131 David Harvey 2001 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana New York \u015eehir \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Sermaye birikim ve dola\u015f\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ile co\u011frafya aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015fan yazar\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki kitaplar\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131ralanabilir: \u201cPost- modernli\u011fin Durumu\u201d, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131; \u201cSosyal […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1619","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sayilar-4"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1619","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/39"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1619"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1619\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1619"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1619"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1619"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}