Hukuk sistemi, Althusser\u2019in tasnifinde; felsefesi ile devletin ideolojik ayg\u0131t\u0131, ara\u00e7 ve uygulamalar\u0131 ile de devletin bask\u0131 ayg\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Hukuk sistemi, yap\u0131lanmas\u0131, uygulanmas\u0131 ve etkisiyle sistem dokusunu yans\u0131tan ve devletin uygulama g\u00fcc\u00fc ile d\u00fczeni sa\u011flayan karma\u015f\u0131k bir \u00fcst-yap\u0131 ideoloji ve bask\u0131 arac\u0131d\u0131r. Toplumsal d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde bireyin sayg\u0131 duydu\u011fu ve gerekti\u011fi durumda herkesin s\u0131\u011f\u0131nabilece\u011fi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile kutsay\u0131p y\u00fcceltti\u011fi hukuk sistemi, bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc alt\u0131nda perdelenmi\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131na yans\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sistem ili\u015fkilerini me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve topluma dayat\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bir toplumda hukuk sisteminin sosyolojik anlamda me\u015fruiyet kazanmas\u0131n\u0131n temel ko\u015fulu, felsefesi ve pozitif yap\u0131s\u0131 yan\u0131nda, uygulanmas\u0131yla da toplumsal d\u00fczen ve zihniyetle uyumlu olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Toplumsal yap\u0131 ile hukuk sistemi aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fimde toplumsal doku ba\u015fatt\u0131r ve hukuk sistemini \u015fekillendirici \u00f6\u011fedir. Toplumsal doku, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisinin tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi yap\u0131lanmad\u0131r. \u201cArt\u0131k de\u011fer\u201d \u00fcretimiyle tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan devlet, k\u00f6lelik, feodalizm ve kapitalizm a\u015famalar\u0131ndaki ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 tiplerde olu\u015furken, olu\u015fum gerek\u00e7esine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kapitalizmin her d\u00f6nemde de art\u0131k de\u011fere el koyan kesim taraf\u0131ndanfarkl\u0131 \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve onun lehine i\u015flevlendirilmi\u015ftir. Hal b\u00f6yle iken, sistem i\u00e7i t\u00fcm bireylerin sisteme ve hukuka uyumlu davranmas\u0131 bireysel alg\u0131lamalar\u0131n ideolojik \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Sistem alg\u0131lamas\u0131nda ya\u015fanan ideolojik k\u00f6rle\u015fme nedeniyle \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecindeki yerini ve konumunu idrak edemeyen birey, sermaye h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131nda k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 hak aray\u0131\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 rasyonel alg\u0131larken, ayn\u0131 zamanda sistemin g\u00fc\u00e7lenerek s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesine de katk\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131na varamaz. Bireysel alg\u0131lamada s\u0131n\u0131f egemenli\u011fi dokusunun ideolojik perdelenmesi Marks\u2019\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin ters alg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 karanl\u0131k kutu (Camera Obscura) \u00f6rne\u011fi ile a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00dcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z sosyolo\u011fu Pierre Bourdieu\u2019n\u0131n ifadesiyle \u201cyap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yap\u0131\u201d olan sistemik bireyler toplulu\u011funda bireyler aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131 sistem mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kurulur. B\u00f6ylece, m\u00fclkiyetin ve sermaye yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenini sorgulayamayan emek g\u00fcc\u00fc piyasada eme\u011fini meta olarak \u201cde\u011fi\u015fim de\u011feri\u201d ile sermaye sahibine sunarken, eme\u011finin katk\u0131s\u0131 ile yarat\u0131lacak \u201cart\u0131k de\u011fer\u201d birikiminin ileriki d\u00f6nemde kendisini emek piyasas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6remez. \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Bildirgesinde oldu\u011fu gibi; seyahatten e\u011fitime, temiz \u00e7evreden sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa varan bir dizi insan hakk\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc yan\u0131nda, 17. maddede belirtildi\u011fi \u015fekliyle, m\u00fclkiyetin de insan hakk\u0131 olarak kabul\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki, kap\u0131dan kovulan\u0131n bacadan al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklindeki ters ili\u015fki anla\u015f\u0131lamaz. \u0130\u015fte b\u00f6ylesi olu\u015fan yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f toplumlarda zaman i\u00e7inde geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f gelenek, \u00f6rf ve adetlerle bireyler aras\u0131 ili\u015fkiler d\u00fczenlenebilir ve sistemin dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumsal d\u00fczen s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilir. Zira as\u0131l olan, toplumun \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisi do\u011frultusunda yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 ve bu yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselen hukuk sisteminin yap\u0131y\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ve korumas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bir toplumun hukuk sistemi, bizatihi kendisinin ve uygulay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan devletin me\u015fruiyetinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla bireysel hak ve k\u0131sm\u00ee hareket \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alanlar\u0131 olu\u015fturarak ulvi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc tahkim ederken de g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00f6zel hukuk alan\u0131nda \u201cs\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d ilkesi ile liberal ve tarafs\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc alt\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ile g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getiren hukuk sistemi, asl\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015f olur. Liberalizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ilk kurucular\u0131ndan John Locke\u2019 un Hobbes\u2019tan esinlenerek geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve hak\u201d ilkelerinin, ilk d\u00f6nemlerdeki hakkaniyeti sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sermayenin geli\u015fip serpilmesiyle canavar\u0131 koruma arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, liberalizm ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme serbestisi sahtecili\u011finin \u00e7ok tipik \u00f6rne\u011fidir.<\/p>\n
St. Augustine\u2019in kiliseyi y\u00fcceltmesine benzer \u015fekilde Hegel\u2019in devleti y\u00fcceltmesi de, kurum olarak hukuk sistemini bir t\u00fcr \u00fcst\u00fcn ya da s\u00fcper ak\u0131l ya da \u00fcst\u00fcn irade olarak g\u00f6rmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hegel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 alt-\u00fcst eden Marks ise, hukuk sistemini \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisi \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselen bir \u00fcst-yap\u0131 kurumu olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, Hegel\u2019den oldu\u011fu kadar d\u00f6neminin di\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinden de \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Marks\u2019\u0131n geli\u015fkin d\u00f6nemi tan\u0131m\u0131nda insan\u0131n be\u015feri do\u011fal niteli\u011fi sosyal niteli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, \u00e7evresel dokuya da politik nitelik kazand\u0131r\u0131larak, hukuk sistemi egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde farkl\u0131 \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda farkl\u0131 hukuksal yap\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki olas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar genel olarak hukuk sisteminin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve i\u015flevinin detayl\u0131 alg\u0131lanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7arak, felsefi alanda \u201cdo\u011fal hukuk\u201d tart\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletebilirdi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise, sosyalizmin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve neoliberal politikalarla ekonomi ve hukuk sisteminde k\u00fcresel tektiple\u015fmeye gidilmesi bu yolu t\u0131kam\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Bu durumun, kapitalist sistemin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesine ko\u015fut olarak, sistemi me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131ran ve besleyen hukuk sisteminin de \u00fclkesel d\u00fczeyde aletsel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde do\u011fal sistem benzeri \u015fekil almas\u0131na ve b\u00f6yle alg\u0131lanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7aca\u011fa benzemektedir. Kapitalizmin i\u015fleyi\u015f dinamikleri do\u011frultusunda k\u00fcresel ekonomik sistem zamanla s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131p siyasal alanda da y\u00f6netsel despotizm e\u011filimlerinin y\u00fckseltilmesine neden olurken, buna ko\u015fut olarak k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015f hukuk sisteminde de olas\u0131 hak k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131na gidilecek olmas\u0131, gelecekte toplumlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek demokrasi yolundaki m\u00fccadeleleri \u00f6n\u00fcnde ciddi engel olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurtulu\u015fu yolundaki duraklar; k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemde var olan hukuk d\u00fczenine i\u015flerlik kazand\u0131rarak \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler alan\u0131n\u0131 olabildi\u011fince geni\u015fletmek, uzun d\u00f6nemde ise, insan da d\u00e2hil t\u00fcm de\u011ferleri metala\u015ft\u0131ran s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc kapitalizme y\u00f6nelik m\u00fccadeledir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Hukuk sistemi, Althusser\u2019in tasnifinde; felsefesi ile devletin ideolojik ayg\u0131t\u0131, ara\u00e7 ve uygulamalar\u0131 ile de devletin bask\u0131 ayg\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Hukuk sistemi, yap\u0131lanmas\u0131, uygulanmas\u0131 ve etkisiyle sistem dokusunu yans\u0131tan ve devletin uygulama g\u00fcc\u00fc ile d\u00fczeni sa\u011flayan karma\u015f\u0131k bir \u00fcst-yap\u0131 ideoloji ve bask\u0131 arac\u0131d\u0131r. Toplumsal d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde bireyin sayg\u0131 duydu\u011fu ve gerekti\u011fi durumda herkesin s\u0131\u011f\u0131nabilece\u011fi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile kutsay\u0131p y\u00fcceltti\u011fi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sayilar-1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1772","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/45"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1772"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1772\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1772"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1772"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1772"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}