{"id":2222,"date":"2017-08-27T06:04:01","date_gmt":"2017-08-27T03:04:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=2222"},"modified":"2017-09-08T09:45:36","modified_gmt":"2017-09-08T06:45:36","slug":"neo-liberal-donusum-icinden-bir-direnis-adil-emek-orgutu-fla","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=2222","title":{"rendered":"Neo-Liberal D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm \u0130\u00e7inden Bir Direni\u015f: Adil Emek \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (FLA)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bu k\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bir sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekte \u00f6zellikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 do\u011frultusunda hareket edi\u015finin k\u0131sa tarihini ve yorumunu i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye dahil bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki faaliyetleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Burada aktar\u0131lmak istenen sadece bu y\u00f6ndeki \u00e7abalar\u0131n mevcut ekonomik yap\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde bir gedik a\u00e7\u0131p a\u00e7amad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkindir. Yazar olduk\u00e7a tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olan bu konu \u00fczerine d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ve \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc tan\u0131ma konusunda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bilgi ile bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve olu\u015fturmay\u0131 denemektedir. Bu nedenle makale geli\u015ftirilmeye ve tart\u0131\u015fmaya son derece a\u00e7\u0131k bir tabloya birka\u00e7 f\u0131r\u00e7a darbesi vurmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bilindi\u011fi gibi 90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan bu yana \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve geli\u015ftirme ama\u00e7l\u0131 bir\u00e7ok uluslararas\u0131 faaliyet bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle doksanl\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan haklar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan gerileyi\u015f aras\u0131nda ili\u015fkinin rastlant\u0131sal olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz. K\u00fcresel rekabetin art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bu konuda belirleyici akt\u00f6r oldu\u011funa dair bir\u00e7ok iktisadi ve sosyal veri elimizdedir. Bu mevcut durumun yani \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan haklar\u0131ndaki gerilemenin, yoksulla\u015fman\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015finin ve gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki dengesizliklerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ana tema uluslararas\u0131 sosyal politika \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131nmaya ve \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6rg\u00fctler taraf\u0131ndan konu \u00fczerinde durulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, Uluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu, D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, Ekonomik \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi ve Kalk\u0131nma Te\u015fkilat\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok resmi \u00f6rg\u00fct bu alanda \u00e7e\u015fitli raporlar\u0131n\u0131 doksanl\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren yay\u0131nlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca bu ilginin bir di\u011fer uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak da uzmanl\u0131k alanlar\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7eren bir tarzda \u00e7e\u015fitli sosyal konularda i\u015fbirli\u011fini geli\u015ftirme yolu ile bir\u00e7ok sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcne aktar\u0131lan projeler yard\u0131m\u0131 ile destek olunmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 57\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Destek sa\u011flanan kurumlardan biri de uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekte faaliyet g\u00f6steren yine uluslararas\u0131 nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yan sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleridir. Bu \u00f6rg\u00fctler demokratikle\u015fme, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ilkeleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde farkl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar gruplar\u0131n\u0131 temsilcileri aras\u0131nda sosyal diyalogun ve uyumun sa\u011flan- mas\u0131 gibi i\u015flevleri icra etmektedir. Ku\u015fkusuz k\u00fcreselle\u015fme hareketleri ve bunun toplumsal yap\u0131da meydana getirdi\u011fi farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ndeki de\u011fi\u015fimler devletin sosyal politika alan\u0131nda daha az yer almas\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok olguyu etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ulus devletin sosyal politika alan\u0131n\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bo\u015faltmas\u0131 ile bu alan\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin doldurmaya gayret etti\u011fi g\u00f6zlenmektedir. Uluslararas\u0131 sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ba\u015fta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan haklar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok sosyal i\u00e7erikli konuyu, \u00fcretimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren markalar ve onlar\u0131n tedarik\u00e7ileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan denetlemeye ve uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma normlar\u0131na uygun hale getirmek i\u00e7in bir \u00e7aba i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle \u00e7ok uluslu firmalar\u0131n sosyal sorumluluk ba\u011flam\u0131nda uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyeri davran\u0131\u015f kurallar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fck esas\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmesi, yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmas\u0131 gibi unsurlar\u0131n sosyal politika ile uygunlu\u011funun tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 oldu\u011funa i\u015faret edilmektedir. (aktaran: \u015e. G\u00f6kbayrak 2013: 211)<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 58\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Uluslararas\u0131 sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 denetimlerin farkl\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ve etki alan\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesi esas olarak k\u00fcresel ekonominin ara\u00e7lar\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. \u00d6zellikle \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n olarak ve geni\u015f bir kitle taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan sosyal medya ara\u00e7lar\u0131 sayesinde k\u0131smen s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 da olsa sosyal politika alan\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen gerilemenin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funa dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde farkl\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeylerindeki \u00fclkelerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak noktas\u0131nda sendikalara duyduklar\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131n, k\u00fcreselle\u015fme ile birlikte artmakta olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ba\u015fta T\u00fcrkiye olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede sendikalar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme de s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 rolleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcstelik sendikala\u015fma oranlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcreselle\u015fme etkisi ile son y\u0131llarda azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini de unutmamak gerekir. (https:\/\/stats.oecd.org\/Index.aspx?- DataSetCode=UN_DEN) OECD ortalamalar\u0131 son y\u0131llarda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fme e\u011filimindedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcreci ile \u00fcretimin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7evre \u00fclkelerde \u00fcretilenlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukla merkez kapitalist \u00fclkeler oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu \u00e7evre \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fanan \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcrde sosyal hak kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n giderek artmas\u0131 sosyal medya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok kanaldan mal ve hizmet t\u00fcketicilerine aktar\u0131labilmektedir. Bilgi ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 olmas\u0131, haberle\u015fme kanallar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fli\u011fi \u00f6zellikle bat\u0131 ekonomisinin y\u00fcksek gelirli ve bilin\u00e7 d\u00fczeyi y\u00fcksek t\u00fcketicileri ve sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri taraf\u0131ndan izlenmekte ve h\u0131zla de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Mal ve hizmet \u00fcretiminde uluslararas\u0131 rekabetin de ayr\u0131ca h\u0131z kazanmas\u0131 k\u00fcresel bir d\u00fcnyada t\u00fcketicilerin medya yard\u0131m\u0131 ile k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00f6rg\u00fctlenebildiklerini ve kamuoyu olu\u015fturduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 58\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bu yeni geli\u015fen olgu \u015firketlerin k\u00fcresel rekabeti y\u00f6n\u00fc ile ciddi bir \u00f6nemi i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu itibarla her ticari firman\u0131n pazar pay\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 ve k\u00fcresel rekabette geri ad\u0131m atmas\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6deme g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015fmesi ve pazar\u0131 terk etme anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu durum elbette ne \u015firket y\u00f6neticileri ne de \u015firketin hissedarlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kabul edilebilir de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sendikalar\u0131n etkisinin giderek azalma e\u011filimi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00fcnya i\u00e7inde, neo-liberalizmin etki alan\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fledi\u011fi bir iklimde paradoksal olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n sosyal politikalara ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselmektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin sa\u011flayabildi\u011fi bir korunma mevcut durumu bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geli\u015ftirebilir mi? Sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 nitelikteki bir sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc ele al\u0131p incelemek ve tart\u0131\u015fmak bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusu olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Adil \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (Fair Labour Association-FLA) genel olarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtilen konular \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kendisine \u00fcye olan \u00e7ok say\u0131da markay\u0131 ve tedarik\u00e7isini denetlemekte ve bu denetimlere ait raporlar\u0131 kamuoyunun bilgisine sunmaktad\u0131r. Temel olarak haz\u0131rlanan raporlar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ana ba\u015fl\u0131klar halinde gruplanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 58\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>1- \u0130\u015fe Al\u0131m ve Yerle\u015ftirme &amp; Performans De\u011ferlendirme<br \/>\n2- \u00dccret ve Yan Haklar<br \/>\n3-\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Saatleri &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4-\u0130\u015ften \u00c7\u0131karmalar ve Daralmalar\/K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmeler &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5- \u015eikayet Mekanizmalar\u0131 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6-End\u00fcstriyel \u0130li\u015fkiler (Sendikal Haklar) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;7- \u0130\u015fyeri Davran\u0131\u015f Kurallar\u0131 ve Disiplin &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;8-\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;9- \u00c7evrenin Korunmas\u0131 gibi konular\u0131 bu konular\u0131n alt ba\u015fl\u0131k halinde d\u00fczenlenen ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ele almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Adil \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn K\u0131sa Tarih\u00e7esi (FLA)<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 59\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 59\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ABD kamuoyunda ciddi olarak tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fcrettikleri k\u0131yafetlerin insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ko\u015fullarda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00f6zellikle haz\u0131r giyim ve ayakkab\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn son derece k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n Clinton h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczeltilmesine y\u00f6nelik bir dizi \u00e7aban\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda giyim end\u00fcstrisi i\u015fverenleri, sendikalar ve insan haklar\u0131 gruplar\u0131n\u0131n temsilcilerinin bulundu\u011fu AIP adl\u0131 bir \u00f6rg\u00fct 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur. (<em>Apparel Partnership Industry<\/em>).<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 59\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 59\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 59\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ancak bir s\u00fcre sonra giyim end\u00fcstrisindeki hak ihlallerinin AIP taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok fazla dikkate al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve firmalar\u0131n sadece g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fck esas\u0131na g\u00f6re denetlendi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131nca, giyim end\u00fcstrisi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 sendikas\u0131 UNITE bu ortak grubun i\u00e7inden ayr\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130\u015fte FLA bu a\u015famada kurulmu\u015ftur. Kurulu\u015f amac\u0131 ve \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00f6zellikle haz\u0131r giyim ve ayakkab\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde mevcut \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi ve \u00fccretlerin d\u00fczeltilmesi konular\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu konuda FLA\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fyeri davran\u0131\u015f kurallar\u0131 ve uygunluk g\u00f6stergelerini ILO\u2019nun ilkeleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu kurallar genel olarak bug\u00fcn de kullan\u0131lan i\u015fyeri davran\u0131\u015f kurallar\u0131 ve uygunluk g\u00f6stergeleri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. (<em>Workplace Code of Conduct<\/em>)<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 59\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">ILO\u2019nun saptad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkeler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde geni\u015fletilmi\u015f ve yeniden de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. Ancak sendikalar, bu mevcut kurallar\u0131n (<em>Code of Conduct<\/em>) ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek FLA \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc i\u00e7inde yer almam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sendikalar\u0131n bu ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 takip eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te FLA ve ona alternatif olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen WRC kurulmu\u015ftur. (<em>Worker Right Consorsium-<\/em>\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Haklar\u0131 Konsorsiyumu) O d\u00f6nemde FLA ile rekabet i\u00e7inde olan WRC, i\u015f\u00e7i haklar\u0131 konusunda \u00e7ok daha ileri say\u0131labilecek hamleler yapmakta idi. (K. Er\u00e7el 2007:24 , S.Prakash-J.Rovenpor 2016: 5-36 )<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren ABD t\u00fcketicileri \u201cister istemez ortak olduklar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc&#8221; mekanizmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak ad\u0131na buralarda \u00fcretilmeyen \u00fcr\u00fcnleri daha pahal\u0131 almaya raz\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r (U.S News and World Report \u2019dan aktaran K. Er\u00e7el 2007:24 ). G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde WRC halen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam etmektedir. WRC nin \u00fcyeleri FLA\u2019ya da \u00fcye olan baz\u0131 \u00fcniversitelerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcniversiteler i\u015f yapt\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 baz\u0131 markalara bask\u0131 yaparlarsa ve onlar\u0131 ikna ederse \u00fcretim yap\u0131lan fabrika WRC taraf\u0131ndan denetlenebilmektedir (K. Er\u00e7el 16.05 2016. tarihli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme notlar\u0131).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00d6zet olarak, FLA, \u00fc\u00e7 binden fazla \u00fcye kurulu\u015f ve tedarik\u00e7iyi bir araya getirerek 80 civar\u0131nda \u00fclkede saptanan i\u015fyeri davran\u0131\u015f kurallar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde sosyal uygunluk denetimleri yapan uluslararas\u0131 bir sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc niteli\u011findedir (A.Marx, 2008: 253-273). A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak ilgilendi\u011fi alanlar haz\u0131r giyim ve ayakkab\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fc olmakla birlikte tar\u0131m ve elektronik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck markalar FLA \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Afrika, Asya ve Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren \u00e7ok say\u0131da marka ve tedarik\u00e7isi bu \u00f6rg\u00fcte \u00fcye olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 60\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>FLA\u2019n\u0131n \u00d6rg\u00fctlenmesi ve Gelirler:<\/strong> [foot]Aktar\u0131lan bilgiler i\u00e7in referans aksi belirtilmedik\u00e7e http:\/\/www.fairlabor.org\/ dan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[\/foot]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">FLA\u2018n\u0131n y\u00f6netimi 3 y\u0131l i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilen 19 \u00fcyeden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00fcyelerin aras\u0131ndan bir ki\u015fi y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapar. Kurulda olu\u015fan temsilciler \u015fu \u015fekildedir. 1 ba\u015fkan, 6 marka temsilcisi, 6 \u00fcniversite temsilcisi, 5 \u00e7e\u015fitli sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin temsilcileri, 1 hukuk b\u00fcrosu temsilcisi. Bu kurul y\u0131lda 4 kez d\u00fczenli olarak toplanmaktad\u0131r. Y\u00f6netim kurulunun olu\u015fmas\u0131nda adaylar aday komiteleri taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmekte ve bir b\u00f6l\u00fcme birden fazla aday bulunabilmektedir. Ba\u015fkan\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesi ise her temsil grubu iki aday g\u00f6stermekte, yani toplam alt\u0131 aday i\u00e7inden en \u00e7ok oy alan ki\u015fi Ba\u015fkan olmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fkan b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6netim kademesi taraf\u0131ndan ortak olarak ( 19 ki\u015fi ) \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilmektedir .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">FLA\u2018ya ba\u015fta ABD olmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her taraf\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok marka \u00fcye olabilmekte, cirolar\u0131na g\u00f6re bir \u00fcyelik aidat\u0131 \u00f6demektedir. \u00dcye markalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu tekstil ve haz\u0131r giyim, ayakkab\u0131, g\u0131da ve elektronik, tar\u0131m alan\u0131nda olduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. FLA\u2019ya \u00fcye \u00fcniversiteler ise sadece ABD i\u00e7indeki kamu ve \u00f6zel \u00fcniversiteleridir. Bu \u00fcniversiteler ayn\u0131 zamanda tekstil alan\u0131nda \u00fcretim yapt\u0131ran lisansl\u0131 \u00fcretici durumundad\u0131r. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fcniversiteler ayn\u0131 zamanda FLA\u2018n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131nda bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapan kurumlar olarak da g\u00f6rev yapmaktad\u0131r. FLA kendi tan\u0131m\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 bir &#8220;\u00e7ok payda\u015fl\u0131&#8221; sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc oldu\u011funu belirtmesine ra\u011fmen, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctleri olan sendikalar\u0131n FLA i\u00e7inde bir temsiliyetleri bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">FLA\u2019n\u0131n k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte yerle\u015fik \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcrosu bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar \u00c7in, \u0130svi\u00e7re ve ABD\u2019de bulunmakta, bunlar vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile Avrupa, Afrika, Ortado\u011fu, Do\u011fu Asya, G\u00fcney Asya, Orta ve G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da bulunan firmalar \u00fczerinde denetim yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Toplam merkez ofisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 50-60 ki\u015fi civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. (M. Tuna ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme notlar\u0131 10.05.2016. )<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 60\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">FLA\u2018n\u0131n gelirlerinin hemen hemen tamam\u0131 \u00fcye firmalar\u0131n aidatlar\u0131, e\u011fitim gelirleri ve \u00f6zel projelerden gelmektedir. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131 gelirleri 7 milyon USD civar\u0131ndad\u0131r (Sethi, Rovenpor,2016:15). FLA \u00fcye aidatlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur: 1) \u00fcye markalardan al\u0131nan aidat gelirleri; 2) \u00fcye \u00fcniversitelerden al\u0131nan aidatlar; 3) \u00fcye \u00fcniversitelerin logolu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini \u00fcreten firmalar\u0131n aidatlar\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda son d\u00f6nemde mevcut gelir kaynaklar\u0131na ilave olarak ABD \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 milyon dolarl\u0131k bir kaynak eklenmi\u015ftir. Bu kaynak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de f\u0131nd\u0131k \u00fcretiminde \u00e7ocuk \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma ve zorla istihdam odakl\u0131 iki bu\u00e7uk senelik bir proje i\u00e7in tahsis edilmi\u015ftir (K.Er\u00e7el 10.05.2016 tarihli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme notlar\u0131).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>FLA\u2018n\u0131n Genel Denetim Sistemi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Uluslararas\u0131 bir sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc konumunda olan FLA kendisine \u00fcye olan markalar\u0131 ILO standartlar\u0131n\u0131 esas alan bir bi\u00e7imde \u201cinsanc\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131 hedefleyen i\u015fyeri kurallar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cdenetlemesini yapar. Bu denetimlerde esas ama\u00e7 kendi sitelerinde ifade edilen bi\u00e7imde;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1- Te\u015fhis, 2- Uygun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler, 3- Yeniden kontrol ve 4- \u0130yile\u015ftirmeler olarak d\u00f6rt ana grupta toplanmaktad\u0131r. Bu denetimlerde esas olan FLA\u2018n\u0131n i\u015fyeri davran\u0131\u015f kurallar\u0131na ve uygunluk g\u00f6stergelerine denetim yap\u0131lan markan\u0131n uygunlu\u011funu \u00f6l\u00e7mek, uyumsuzlu\u011funu saptamak, uygunlu\u011fun temin edilebilmesi i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir d\u00fczenlemeleri sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. (http:\/\/www.fairla- bor.org\/tr\/our-work\/labor-standards)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Genel olarak FLA\u2018n\u0131n markalar\u0131 d\u00fczenli denetlemeleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak FLA \u00fcyesi markalar\u0131n tedarik\u00e7ilerinin rastlant\u0131sal \u00f6rnekleme y\u00f6ntemiyle se\u00e7ilmi\u015f % 5\u2019i her sene denetime tabidir ve sonu\u00e7lar FLA\u2019n\u0131n web sitesinde yay\u0131nlan\u0131r. Bu sitede tarihinden beri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan civar\u0131nda denetim raporu bulunmaktad\u0131r (K. Er\u00e7el 16.05.2016 tarihli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme notlar\u0131).<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 61\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">FLA denetiminin esas\u0131nda \u00fcye olmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fvuran markalara \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k akreditasyonu (tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmak) i\u00e7in bir s\u00fcre tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde akredite olmay\u0131 bekleyen markan\u0131n i\u015fyeri davran\u0131\u015f kurallar\u0131n\u0131 ve uygunluk g\u00f6stergelerini tamamlamas\u0131 beklenmektedir. Bunun sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir denetim sistemini kurmas\u0131, sat\u0131n alma uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131, sosyal a\u00e7\u0131dan uygunlu\u011funu sa\u011flamas\u0131 ve standartlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemesi gerekmektedir. Marka bu a\u015famalar\u0131 tamamlay\u0131nca \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde bir denetime tabi olmaktad\u0131r. Denetimi tamamlan\u0131p b\u00fct\u00fcn ko\u015fullar\u0131 yerine getirmi\u015f marka, FLA nezdinde akredite olmu\u015f, daha sonraki denetimleri de azalm\u0131\u015f olmaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00fczenli yap\u0131lan dene- timlerde hangi markalar\u0131n denetlenece\u011fine FLA y\u00f6netim kurulu taraf\u0131ndan karar verilmektedir. Genel olarak uygulama da bir markan\u0131n FLA taraf\u0131ndan akredite olduktan sonra denetleme oran\u0131 y\u00fczde bire kadar azalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>FLA\u2019n\u0131n \u015eikayetlere Ba\u011fl\u0131 Denetimleri ( \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraf \u015fikayetleri)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Markalar ve tedarik\u00e7iler yani \u00fcye kurulu\u015flar hakk\u0131nda bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kurum veya ki\u015filerden gelen (\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Taraf) \u015fikayetler FLA kendi i\u00e7 i\u015fleyi\u015fine g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 ad\u0131mdan olu\u015fan bir inceleme y\u00f6ntemi bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0130lk ad\u0131m \u015fikayetin FLA&#8217;ya ula\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu a\u015famada ilk \u00f6n inceleme yap\u0131l\u0131r. Burada yap\u0131lan \u015fikayetin dikkate al\u0131n\u0131p al\u0131nmayaca\u011f\u0131 FLA taraf\u0131ndan ele al\u0131n\u0131r. \u015eayet \u015fikayet konusu incelenmeye de\u011fer bulunursa, \u015fikayetin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 markaya detayl\u0131 olarak konu iletilir. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fc ile ikinci ad\u0131ma ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f olur. Bu ad\u0131mda marka kendi i\u00e7 denetimini \u015fikayet konusunda yapt\u0131rmak zorunda oldu\u011fu a\u015famad\u0131r. Bu a\u015famada markan\u0131n kendi i\u00e7 denetimini yapmaktan vazge\u00e7ip ve do\u011frudan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ad\u0131ma ge\u00e7ilmesini FLA\u2019dan isteyebilir. \u015eayet marka kendi i\u00e7 denetimini yapar ve sonucunu 15 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde FLA\u2019ya bildirirse, FLA bu denetimin kendi i\u00e7 denetimine uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirir ve bir sonuca var\u0131r. \u015eayet marka ile ayn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi payla\u015fm\u0131yorsa yeniden \u015fikayeti de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in \u00fcye markaya yeni bir 15 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir ek s\u00fcre daha verir.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 61\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00d6zet olarak FLA i\u00e7 denetimi \u015fikayet i\u00e7in uygun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda en \u00e7ok 30 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde 3. a\u015famaya ge\u00e7ilmesine karar verilir. Bu a\u015famada FLA kendi denet\u00e7ilerini veya gerekti\u011fi durumlarda o alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan FLA \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denet\u00e7ileri i\u015fyerine g\u00f6nderir. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denet\u00e7inin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapor kesin de\u011fildir. Haz\u0131rlanan rapor kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak \u015fikayet\u00e7i tarafa ve ilgili markaya ayn\u0131 zamanda verilir. Taraflar\u0131n haz\u0131rlanan rapor hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri al\u0131n\u0131r, itiraz edilen noktalar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denet\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan rapor \u00fczerinden yeniden de\u011ferlendirilir. Son hali yap\u0131lan itirazlar de\u011ferlendirildikten sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nihai rapor gelen itirazlar\u0131 dikkate alarak haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in FLA markadan 30 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde tamamlanacak bir iyile\u015ftirme plan\u0131 ister. Bu plana g\u00f6re yap\u0131lacak iyile\u015ftirmelerin de g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 istemektedir (M.Tuna ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme notlar\u0131).<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 62\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi FLA denet\u00e7isi veya bir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denet\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan raporun son halini almas\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a uzun bir s\u00fcreci izlemektedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Denetimin Muhtemel Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">FLA taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan denetimlerin sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan raporlar, FLA\u2019n\u0131n sitesinde yay\u0131mlanarak, kamuoyu ile payla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu raporlarda marka ad\u0131 yay\u0131mlan\u0131r ancak \u00fcretimin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyeri veya fabrikan\u0131n ad\u0131 belirtilmemektedir. \u00d6te yandan zaman zaman yay\u0131mlanan bu bilgilerin sosyal medya taraf\u0131ndan haber yap\u0131lmas\u0131 veya bu yol ile bas\u0131na iletilmesi s\u00f6z konusu olabilmektedir. \u00d6zellikle haz\u0131r giyim ve ayakkab\u0131 t\u00fcketicilerinin bu haber siteleri vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile \u00fcretici firman\u0131n nitelikleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olmas\u0131, t\u00fcketim tercihlerinin de\u011fi\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir\u00e7ok \u00f6rnek bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">FLA\u2019n\u0131n kendisine \u00fcye olan markalar\u0131 \u00fcyelikten \u00e7\u0131kartmas\u0131 gibi bir g\u00fcndemi \u015fu ana kadar olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak FLA\u2019n\u0131n web sitesinde bulunan kendi i\u00e7 y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi uyar\u0131nca markalar baz\u0131 \u00f6zel durumlarda FLA y\u00f6netim kurulu karar\u0131yla \u00fcyelikten \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilmektedir. Bug\u00fcne kadar \u00fcyelikten \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir marka olmamakla birlikte sadece 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda Russell Corporation\u2019\u0131n adl\u0131 markan\u0131n \u00fcyeli\u011fi Orta Amerika\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ciddi sendikal hak ihlalleri nedeni ile bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine dondurulmu\u015ftur (K.Er\u00e7el 16.05.2016 tarihli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme notlar\u0131). Bununla beraber FLA\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fyeri davran\u0131\u015f kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranan markalar\u0131n sadece web sitesinde raporlar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlayarak, sosyal medya \u00fczerinden veya di\u011fer sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile dolayl\u0131 bir bask\u0131 olu\u015fturma imkan\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. FLA\u2018n\u0131n kendine \u00fcye olan marka \u00fczerindeki denetiminin \u00e7o\u011funlukla markan\u0131n kendisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir bask\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 62\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>FLA\u2019n\u0131n (Adil Emek \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc) K\u0131sa Bir De\u011ferlendirmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Uluslararas\u0131 sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri \u00f6zellikle son d\u00f6nemlerde k\u00fcresel anlamda sosyal sorunlarla artan oranda ilgilenmeye ve bu ilgilerini geni\u015fleterek s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu ilgilerin temelinde \u00f6zellikle geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir dizi hak ihlali ve bu ihlallerin kamuoyu vicdan\u0131 zedeleyici etkilerinin bulunmas\u0131 ve t\u00fcketicilerin dikkatini artan oranda \u00e7ekmesi yatmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fin en k\u00f6t\u00fc bi\u00e7imlerinin ba\u015fta Haz\u0131r Giyim ve ayakkab\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, bu alandaki \u00fccretlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi temel unsurlar ba\u015fta geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclke t\u00fcketicilerini etkilemekte ve sosyal medya taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir kitleye duyurulmaktad\u0131r. Bunun sonucunda bu \u00fcnl\u00fc marka ve tedarik zincirinde bulunan yerel firmalar\u0131n itibarlar\u0131 zedelenmekte, pazar paylar\u0131nda azalmalar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilmektedir. Keza \u00e7evre bilincinin art\u0131\u015f\u0131 da yo\u011fun olarak t\u00fcketicilerin ilgisini \u00e7eken ve duyarl\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturan fakt\u00f6rlerden biridir.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 62\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ancak sendikal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve toplu pazarl\u0131k hakk\u0131 gibi t\u00fcketicilerin direkt olarak tepki vermesi daha g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011fu alanlarda \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketlerin daha esnek davrand\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan uluslararas\u0131 sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlerini sorumlu olmaya te\u015fvik eden temel fakt\u00f6r, k\u00fcresel anlamda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak oldu\u011fu kadar \u00fcyesi bulunan markan\u0131n da itibar\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve daha esnek bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 benimsemek oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimiz FLA ya da Adil Emek \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc dokuz temel alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harcayan uluslararas\u0131 sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinden biridir. Bu temel alanlardan biri de \u00d6rg\u00fctlenme \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve Toplu \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi Hakk\u0131d\u0131r. FLA\u2018n\u0131n bu alandaki uygunluk g\u00f6stergeleri 24 madde i\u00e7inde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 63\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ancak FLA denetim sistemine \u00f6zellikle \u015fikayet eden taraf a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu esneklik daha net bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6zlenmektedir. \u0130\u015fyeri dene- timleri \u00f6nce \u00fcye firmalar taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lmakta, yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez ise FLA denet\u00e7i g\u00f6ndermekte, bu denetimler sonucu beklenen iyile\u015ftirmeler cevap vermez ise, haz\u0131rlanan rapor kamuoyu ile payla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Raporun ise web sitesinde yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131n etkileri ise ancak ba\u015fka sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri taraf\u0131ndan payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Buraya kadar aktar\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemlerin tahmin edilece\u011fi gibi uluslararas\u0131 sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc FLA\u2019n\u0131n denetim mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a esnek bir yap\u0131da oldu\u011fu ve resmi olmayan (enformel) d\u00fczenlemeleri i\u00e7erdi\u011fini belirtmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bu \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan haklar\u0131n\u0131 savun- mada ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bir geli\u015fme sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bulunmaktad\u0131r. FLA\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00f6neticinin bile bu konuda k\u0131smi teredd\u00fctler ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. FLA misyonunun yerine getirilmesi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirme ve hedeflerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi konusunda FLA Ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n bile emin olamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir durum bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00d6rnek olarak FLA&#8217;ya \u00fcye olan kuru- lu\u015flar\u0131n denetimden ge\u00e7ebilmesi, zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 ve olduk\u00e7a esnek bir yap\u0131dad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle yeni \u00fcyelerin \u00e7ok az\u0131n\u0131n denetimlerden ge\u00e7ti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc markalar\u0131n tedarik zincirlerinde olan firmalar\u0131n k\u00fcresel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve insan haklar\u0131 konular\u0131ndaki olumsuz \u00f6rneklerinin belgelendi\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz (Tecav\u00fcz, i\u015fkence ve cinsel istismar gibi konular) (S.Prakash- J.Rovenpor 2016: 5-36).<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 63\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Bir Denetim S\u00fcreci<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bir \u00f6rnek olay \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde sunulan FLA denetimi yabanc\u0131 bir markan\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki i\u015fyerine aittir. Bu denetimde \u015fikayet\u00e7i taraf\u0131n FLA\u2019ya ba\u015fvurmas\u0131 ile s\u00fcre\u00e7 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A markas\u0131 haz\u0131r giyim alan\u0131nda \u00fcretim yapan bir firmad\u0131r. Bu firmada y\u0131l\u0131nda bir sendikal faaliyet ba\u015flar. Bu sendikal faaliyetin i\u015fyerinde duyulmas\u0131ndan sonra \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlere dayal\u0131 olarak i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmalar ba\u015flar. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu sendika bu i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmalara kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015f mahkemelerinde i\u015fe iade ve sendikal tazminat davalar\u0131 a\u00e7ar. Bir yandan da A markas\u0131 \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu FLA\u2019ya \u015fikayet edilir. Bu \u015fikayet \u00fczerine FLA prosed\u00fcr\u00fc i\u015fletilerek markan\u0131n kendi i\u00e7 denetimini yapmas\u0131 istenir. Marka \u00f6nce bu denetimi yapmayarak kendisini denetlemesi i\u00e7in FLA\u2018a \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 yapar. FLA bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 \u00fczerine kendi denetim ekibini ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denet\u00e7i ile birlikte firmada denetimi tamamlar. Bu denetim FLA i\u015fyeri davran\u0131\u015f kurallar\u0131na uygunlu\u011funun genel anlamda denetlenmesi bi\u00e7iminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bu rapor taraflar\u0131n da onay\u0131 al\u0131narak yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bu denetim sonras\u0131nda sendikal hak ihlallerinin devam etti\u011fi ilgili sendika taraf\u0131ndan bir kez daha FLA\u2019ya yans\u0131t\u0131l\u0131nca 8 ay sonra sadece i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan iki i\u015f\u00e7i ile ilgili olarak yeni bir denetim daha ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Firma \u015fikayet olan alanda bu kez kendi i\u00e7 denetimini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve \u015fikayete konu olan herhangi bir bulguya rastlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 FLA\u2019ya bildirmi\u015ftir. FLA bu s\u00fcrecin sonunda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denet\u00e7i g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015f ve nihai raporu haz\u0131rlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu rapor sadece bir durum saptamas\u0131 de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u015fletmeden sendikal a\u00e7\u0131dan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00f6nerileri de i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 64\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7 ve Tart\u0131\u015fma<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7lara g\u00f6re \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. Adil Emek \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc sosyal politikalar\u0131n bir\u00e7ok alan\u0131nda etkin denetimler yaparak \u00fcyeleri \u00fczerinden norm ve politika olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda ve uygulamas\u0131nda etkili olmaktad\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 sosyal standartlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda ve uygulanmas\u0131nda bu \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn son yirmi y\u0131ld\u0131r \u00f6nemli \u00e7abalar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok yerinde imalat sanayi alan\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00e7ok say\u0131da denetim ve bu olgunun markalar \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131 nedeni ile bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan haklar\u0131nda \u201czoraki\u201d bir iyile\u015fmeden s\u00f6z edilebilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ancak burada s\u00f6z edilen iyile\u015fmenin niteli\u011fi \u201chay\u0131rsever bir \u00e7aban\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131&#8221; noktas\u0131nda ciddi kayg\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bat\u0131l\u0131 t\u00fcketicilerin iyi niyetli \u00e7abalar\u0131, \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencilerinin duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve markalardan hesap sormas\u0131 \u00fczerine geli\u015fen bir sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn neo liberal politikalar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc ile d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme gibi bir gayreti bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu anlamda Adil Emek \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn markalar \u00fczerindeki denetimleri ve iyile\u015ftirme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir s\u0131n\u0131fsal ideolojiden yoksun bulunmas\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan haklar\u0131nda sadece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ilerlemeler sa\u011flaman\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7emedi\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Buna ra\u011fmen, markalar ve tedarik\u00e7ilerinin FLA ya \u00fcye olma nedeni ile zorunlu olarak \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterdikleri normlar\u0131n mevcut end\u00fcstri ili\u015fkilerini bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde insanile\u015ftirmektedir. \u00d6zellikle sendika ve toplu pazarl\u0131k hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlali geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde en s\u0131k rastlanan olgulardan biridir. Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkenin hukuksal normlar\u0131 bu t\u00fcr hak kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemede s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeler i\u00e7indedir. FLA ve benzeri \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin Markalar ve tedarik\u00e7ileri kanal\u0131 ile ba\u015fta geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde olmak \u00fczere sendikal hak ihlali gibi konularda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n lehine karar almas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flaman\u0131n mevcut durum d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir ileri hamle olarak de\u011ferlendirmek gerekir.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 64\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00d6zet olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme hakk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fccret k\u00f6lesi haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmek istendi\u011fi ciddi bir neo liberal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde bir uluslararas\u0131 STK\u2019 n\u0131n markalar ve \u00fcnl\u00fc firmalar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bu haklar\u0131 kabule zorlamas\u0131 bile tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00f6nem arz eder.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0130sterseniz bu geli\u015fmeleri mevcut kapitalist sistem i\u00e7inde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f ileri mevziler olarak kabul edebiliriz. Elbette yap\u0131lanlar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemeden, yok saymadan ve hala yap\u0131lacak \u00e7ok \u015fey oldu\u011funun fark\u0131nda olarak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan haklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc hale geli\u015findeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ihmal etmemek gerekti\u011fini unutmamak gerekiyor.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 64\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Kaynak\u00e7a;<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Er\u00e7el,K.(2007) Terhaneler: Eme\u011fin \u201coryantal \u201challeri, Birikim Dergisi 217<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Erdo\u011fdu,S.(2006) K\u00fcreselle\u015fme S\u00fcrecinde Uluslararas\u0131 Sendikac\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130mge kitabevi, Ankara.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Prakash Sethi, Rovenpor Janet(2016).\u201dThe role of NGO\u2019s in Ameliorating Swatshop&nbsp;like Condition in the GlobalSupply Chain : The case of Fair Labor Association (FLA) and Social Accountability \u0130nternational(SAI),Bussinees and Society Review 121:1 5-36.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Marx.A(2008) Limits to on State Market Regulation : A qualitative comparative analysis of the international sport footwear industry and the Fair Labor Association, Regulation &amp;Governance (2008) 2, 253-273 http:\/\/www.fairlabor.org\/tr\/our-work\/labor-stand- ards<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Giri\u015f Bu k\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bir sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekte \u00f6zellikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 do\u011frultusunda hareket edi\u015finin k\u0131sa tarihini ve yorumunu i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye dahil bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki faaliyetleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Burada aktar\u0131lmak istenen sadece bu y\u00f6ndeki \u00e7abalar\u0131n mevcut ekonomik yap\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde bir gedik a\u00e7\u0131p a\u00e7amad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkindir. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":62,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2222","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sayilar-4"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2222","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/62"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2222"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2222\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2222"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2222"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2222"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}