1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fc bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak d\u00fcnyaya gelen, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cD\u00fcnya \u00f6yle g\u00fczel ki, \u00f6lece\u011fime yan\u0131yorum\u201d diyerek, hayata g\u00f6zlerini yuman Saramago; Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ise t\u00fcm vah\u015fetini ya\u015far. Bu anlamda Saramago\u2019nun eserlerinde sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan temalardan biridir.<\/p>\n
2016 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n son aylar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bug\u00fcnlerde, d\u00fcnya bir kez daha ama bu kez ad\u0131na \u201cD\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u201d denmeyen emperyalist payla\u015f\u0131m sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaya devam ediyor. Ortado\u011fu\u2019da ve Kuzey Afrika\u2019da emperyalizmin egemenli\u011fini kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem ya\u015fan\u0131yor ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 de olduk\u00e7a kanl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor. Mevcut \u00fclkelerin egemenlik sahalar\u0131n\u0131n hukuksal anlamda korundu\u011funun iddia edildi\u011fi ancak ger\u00e7ekte s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n emperyalist devletler lehine de\u011fi\u015fmekte oldu\u011fu bir tarihsel dilimdeyiz. Art\u0131k insanlar\u0131n bir sava\u015f\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde olduklar\u0131n\u0131 anlamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in, iktidar\u0131 elinde bulunduran s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n tebaas\u0131na \u201csava\u015ftas\u0131n\u0131z\u201d demesi gerekiyor. Aksi halde, Saramago\u2019nun ad\u0131n\u0131 da verdi\u011fi muhte\u015fem kitab\u0131ndaki gibi \u201ck\u00f6r\u201dler.<\/p>\n
Bu nedenle Saramago \u201c\u00f6znenin kendi kendine ve toplumla yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6znenin eylemlerinden t\u00fcreyen etik sorumlulu\u011fun titiz bir incelemesini masaya yat\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d[foot]Jose Saramago, M\u0131zraklar, M\u0131zraklar, T\u00fcfekler, T\u00fcfekler, K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Kedi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00c7ev. I\u015f\u0131k Erg\u00fcden, Ocak 2016, s.97[\/foot] 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2. D\u00fcnya Sosyal Forumu\u2019ndaki konu\u015fmas\u0131nda yazar \u201c\u00c7anlar Yoluyla Adaletten Demokrasiye\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 konu\u015fmas\u0131nda g\u00f6steri\u015fsiz bir adalet hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fumuzu, bu adaletin \u201csadece\u201d adalet oldu\u011funu \u201cetik\u201d olan ile s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funu, bunun ruhun mutlulu\u011fu i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez oldu\u011funu belirtir[foot]Jose Saramago, From Justice to Democracy By Way of the Bells kaynak: http:\/\/www. terraincognita.50megs.com\/saramago.html[\/foot].<\/p>\n
Ona g\u00f6re adalet yasa gere\u011fi olmakla beraber her \u015feyden \u00f6nce toplumun kendili\u011finden ortaya koydu\u011fu bir adalet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ve bu nedenle ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir ahlaki zorunluluk olarak kendini g\u00f6steren bir adalet oldu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer.<\/p>\n
\u00d6lmeden aylar \u00f6nce yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019de Ocak 2016 tarihinde bas\u0131lan \u201cM\u0131zraklar, M\u0131zraklar, T\u00fcfekler T\u00fcfekler\u201d kitab\u0131nda da Saramago, sava\u015f ve \u015fiddetin insanlar ve toplumlar \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkiyi yans\u0131tmak i\u00e7in \u201cNeden silah fabrikalar\u0131nda grev olmaz<\/em>\u201d sorusunu, kitab\u0131n\u0131n kurgusal temas\u0131n\u0131 tamamlayan bir dayanak soru olarak ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Silah sanayisinde bireylerin sorumlulu\u011funu tart\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu eserini tamamlayamam\u0131\u015f olsa da, kitap i\u00e7in tutmu\u015f oldu\u011fu notlardan ve Saramago\u2019nun k\u00fclliyat\u0131ndan bu eseriyle ilgili de fikir edinebiliyoruz.<\/p>\n 15.08.2009 tarihli notunda \u015f\u00f6yle der \u201cZaten zihnimde bulunan ve defalarca anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m hikayeye ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in iyi bir \u00e7engel: Andre Malraux\u2019nun Umut\u2019ta anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u0130spanya i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131nda patlamayan bomban\u0131n hikayesi.<\/em>\u201d[foot]Jose Saramago, a.g.e., s.75.[\/foot]\u00a0Olay \u015fudur: \u0130spanya \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Extremadura\u2019daki Halk Cephesi birliklerine f\u0131rlat\u0131lan bir bomba sabotaja u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan patlamaz. Top\u00e7u bir asker d\u00fczene\u011fi s\u00f6k\u00fcnce i\u00e7inde bir rulo ka\u011f\u0131t g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Almanca el yaz\u0131s\u0131yla \u015f\u00f6yle denmektedir; \u201cYolda\u015flar, korkmay\u0131n. Benim y\u00fckledi\u011fim ob\u00fcsler patlamayacak. Bir Alman i\u015f\u00e7i.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n Yazar\u0131n kendi betimlemesiyle ruhsal olarak (sava\u015f tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131) Bellona\u2019n\u0131n kusursuzca cisimle\u015fmi\u015f hali olan Artur Paz Semedo, muhasebeci olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta oldu\u011fu silah fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r silahlar b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne terfi etmek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir amac\u0131 yokken bir g\u00fcn \u015fehrin sinema kul\u00fcb\u00fcnde 1939\u2019da ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f \u0130spanya \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine bir eser olan Andre Malraux\u2019nun eseri<\/p>\n \u201cUmut\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131n film uyarlamas\u0131na gider. Film onu \u00e7ok etkiler ve epey arad\u0131ktan sonra filme konu olan kitab\u0131 bulur ve okur. Malraux\u2019un kitab\u0131ndaki \u201cOb\u00fcslere sabotaj yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in Milano\u2019da kur\u015funa dizilen i\u015f\u00e7iler \u015ferefine, ya\u015fas\u0131n!…<\/em>\u201d[foot]Malraux\u2019un as\u0131l metninde \u201c- Arkada\u015flar, dedi cumhuriyetin kaderi \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on dakika i\u00e7inde belli olacak. A\u011f\u0131r mitraly\u00f6z tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn erleri, mitraly\u00f6zleri ba\u015f\u0131nda \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler: Can verirken silahlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrg\u00fclerini s\u00f6kmeyi de unutmuyorlard\u0131. Cumhuriyet\u00e7iler, ate\u015f alt\u0131nda, hem bir savunma hatt\u0131 kurmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar, hem de yanlar\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftirmeyi. Arada fa\u015fist mermilerinin patlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 oluyordu. Yeni b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn siyasi komiseri aya\u011fa kalkarak:- Mermilere sabotaj yapt\u0131 diye Milano\u2019da kur\u015funa dizilen i\u015f\u00e7iler \u015fere ne, dedi, ya- ya-ya, \u015fa-\u015fa-\u015fa!..\u201d Andre Malraux, Umut, \u00c7ev. Atilla \u0130lhan, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Temmuz 2013, s.496[\/foot] c\u00fcmlesini okuduktan sonra kendini kaybeder. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bellona anonim \u015firketinin muhasebe g\u00f6revlisi, sava\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131na birinin sabotaj yapma fikrine bile katlanamayacak kadar bu aletlere tutkun biridir[foot]Jose Saramago, a.g.e., s.20[\/foot]. Ona g\u00f6re \u201cD\u00fcnya kurulal\u0131 beri silahlar vard\u0131 ve bu y\u00fczden de daha fazla insan \u00f6l\u00fcyor de\u011fildi, sadece \u00f6lmesi gerekenler \u00f6l\u00fcyordu, asla daha fazlas\u0131 de\u011fil.<\/em>\u201d[foot]Jose Saramago, a.g.e., s.21[\/foot].<\/p>\n Bunun ard\u0131ndan bu \u00f6fkesini kendisi ile tamamen z\u0131t karakterdeki \u201cinan\u00e7l\u0131 bir pasifist militan\u201d olan eski kar\u0131s\u0131 Felicia ile payla\u015f\u0131r. Felicia ise onu \u0130spanya i\u00e7 sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir bomban\u0131n sabotaj\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi almak ve \u015firketin fa\u015fistlere silah satt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in \u015firketin ar\u015fivlerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmaya te\u015fvik eder. Artur ise \u00f6nce bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye kar\u015f\u0131 temkinli olsa da \u015firketin sava\u015ftaki performans\u0131 ve silah sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 konusundaki merak\u0131 ile bu fikri benimser ve \u015firket sahibi de bu ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n silah sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rabilecek teknikler bulma konusunda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 onaylar.<\/p>\n Kitap bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma ile devam eder ve Artur \u00f6nemli bir\u00e7ok belgeye ula\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra kitap yar\u0131m kal\u0131r. Bundan sonra Saramago\u2019nun kitab\u0131 nas\u0131l kurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair elimizde bir veri yok. Yani Artur ger\u00e7ekten Felicia\u2019n\u0131n istedi\u011fi gibi fabrikan\u0131n \u0130spanya \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 karanl\u0131k rol\u00fc ve silah sat\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kazanc\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak m\u0131d\u0131r? Bunu bilmiyoruz. Ama 16.09.2009 tarihli notu bize bir fikir veriyor. \u201cKitap, Felicia\u2019n\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karak \u00e7\u0131nlayan \u201ccehenneme kadar yolun var!\u201dla sona erecek. \u00d6rnek bir darbe.\u201d<\/p>\n Felicia\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6fkesinden anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kadar\u0131yla Artur, \u015firketin sava\u015ftaki t\u00fcm katk\u0131s\u0131 ve bu yolla elde etti\u011fi kazanc\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmesine ra\u011fmen sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir tav\u0131r alm\u0131yor veya \u015firket ile ili\u015fkisini sonland\u0131rm\u0131yor. Ve asl\u0131nda okuyucu olarak bizim i\u00e7ten i\u00e7e de\u011fi\u015fmesini istedi\u011fimiz karakter hakk\u0131nda bize bir\u00e7ok bilgiyi veriyor Saramago. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu karakter \u201cSava\u015flar her zaman oldu ve hep olacak. \u0130nsan do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir kan k\u00fctlesidir.\u201ddiyen biri. Pisli\u011fin teki a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a, sava\u015f filmlerinden heyecan duyuyor, tek bir kez bile eline tabanca almamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu sava\u015f end\u00fcstrisi onun i\u015fi ile birlikte \u00f6zel hayat\u0131na da n\u00fcfuz etmi\u015f durumda. Ancak buna ra\u011fmen b\u00f6yle bir karakterin de\u011fi\u015fmesini bekleyen okur talep ediyor Saramago. \u201cHer bir okurunu sorgulayarak, vicdan\u0131n\u0131 de\u015ferek, onu rahats\u0131z, tedirgin etmek ve yeniden canlanman\u0131n meydan okuyu\u015funu ki\u015fisel bir oda\u011fa yerle\u015ftirmek: Daha insani bir d\u00fcnya alternatifine, ku\u015fkulu da olsa, y\u00f6nelme ihtimali.\u201d[foot]Jose Saramago, a.g.e., s.77[\/foot]<\/p>\n 1969 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00f6lene kadar Portekiz Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin bir \u00fcyesi olan Saramago\u2019nun t\u00fcm romanlar\u0131n\u0131n incelikli bir ironi ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f politik eserler oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Zira romanlar\u0131n\u0131n alt yap\u0131s\u0131 din, var olu\u015f, ulus, kimlik, s\u0131n\u0131r konular\u0131ndaki ele\u015ftiriye dayan\u0131r ve bu ele\u015ftiriyi \u00e7o\u011fu kez fantastik kurgudan faydalanarak eserlerine yans\u0131t\u0131r. Bir r\u00f6portaj\u0131nda dedi\u011fi gibi \u201c\u0130roni benim eserlerime yeni ekledi\u011fim bir \u015fey de\u011fil ki; biri olmazsa di\u011feri mutlaka oluyor zaten, \u00f6fkeli, hareketli, do\u011frudan ya da gizli olarak hep kullan\u0131yorum, bu benim kendime has stilimin bir par\u00e7as\u0131.\u201d Bu anlamda yar\u0131m kalan bu eserinde de sava\u015flar\u0131n silah end\u00fcstrisi ve silah fabrikalar\u0131yla olan ili\u015fkisini anlat\u0131rken ironik ve politik bir s\u00f6ylem kullan\u0131r. Okurunu s\u00fcrekli uyaran bir tarz\u0131 vard\u0131r, onun edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00fcc\u00fc vard\u0131r ve eserlerinde konu edindi\u011fi dertleri, okuyucunun da edinmesini ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.\u201cOnun edebiyat\u0131 vicdan rahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ku\u015fkunun aktif bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir.\u201d[foot]Fernando Gomez Aguilera, \u201cTamamlanmam\u0131\u015f Bir Kitap, Israrc\u0131 Bir \u0130rade\u201d, M\u0131zraklar, M\u0131zraklar, T\u00fcfekler ,T\u00fcfekler, K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Kedi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00c7ev. I\u015f\u0131k Erg\u00fcden, Ocak 2016,s.98[\/foot] Bu nedenle bireylerin vicdanlar\u0131n\u0131 rahatlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil, ahlaki bir zorunluluk olarak adaleti mevcut k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele edecekleri bir d\u00fczenin umudunu \u00fcretmemiz gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fc bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak d\u00fcnyaya gelen, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cD\u00fcnya \u00f6yle g\u00fczel ki, \u00f6lece\u011fime yan\u0131yorum\u201d diyerek, hayata g\u00f6zlerini yuman Saramago; Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ise t\u00fcm vah\u015fetini ya\u015far. Bu anlamda Saramago\u2019nun eserlerinde sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan temalardan biridir. 2016 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n son aylar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bug\u00fcnlerde, d\u00fcnya bir kez daha […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2277","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sayilar-5"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2277","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2277"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2277\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2277"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2277"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2277"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}