{"id":2338,"date":"2017-08-28T02:26:55","date_gmt":"2017-08-27T23:26:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=2338"},"modified":"2020-04-12T12:48:23","modified_gmt":"2020-04-12T09:48:23","slug":"kamusal-alan-kadin-ve-hukuk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=2338","title":{"rendered":"Kamusal Alan, Kad\u0131n ve Hukuk"},"content":{"rendered":"

I. Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1980\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren \u201ckamusal alan\u201d toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fmeleri a\u00e7\u0131klama ve anlamada s\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u015fvurulan bir standart olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar.\u00a0 Halen etkili bir \u015fekilde siyaset, hukuk, yeni toplumsal hareketler gibi ba\u015fl\u0131klarda \u00f6nemini koruyan kamusal alan kavramla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle \u00fc\u00e7 muhalefet alan\u0131nda geni\u015f yer bulur. Birincisi toplumsal cinsiyet ve cinsellik: \u00d6zellikle \u00f6zel alan\u0131n i\u00e7inde yer alan \u00fcretim, \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131, cinsel tercihler ve mahremiyet politikalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi konular\u0131 ve bunlara dair m\u00fccadeleler. \u0130kincisi \u0131rk ve etnik meseleler: 1980 sonras\u0131 neo-liberalizmle kamusal haklarda geri \u00e7ekilme, etnik-\u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 \u015fiddetin y\u00fckseli\u015fi (fa\u015fist partilerin iktidara oynayabilmeleri de buna d\u00e2hildir), milliyet\u00e7ilik, kimlik politikalar\u0131 meseleleri. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak da siyaset ve temsiliyet ili\u015fkileri: Bu alanda k\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin etkileri, sosyal bilimlerdeki \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fcl\u00fck sorunu ve ulusal d\u00fczeyde ya\u015fanan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar.[1]<\/a> Bu belirtilen sorunlar kamusal\/\u00f6zel ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n siyasal, ekonomik, toplumsal ve hukuksal olarak kendini s\u0131n\u0131rlar ve bask\u0131lar \u015feklinde var etti\u011fi alanlara da i\u015faret etmektedir. Kad\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nma m\u00fccadelesinde kamusal\/\u00f6zel ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in ne anlama geldi\u011fi bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z toplumsal d\u00fczende kamusal alan patriyarka, ekonomik d\u00fczen, siyasetin i\u015fleyi\u015fi, gelenekler, din, aile vb. gibi kad\u0131n \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 kurman\u0131n ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biridir. Bir toplumsal olgu olarak kamusal alan\/\u00f6zel alan ayr\u0131m\u0131 bireyin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kolektif bir niteli\u011fe ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe sahiptir; ayr\u0131ca bireylerin \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 kurar ve onlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131r.[2]<\/a> Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n kendisine problem etti\u011fi konu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kamusal alan\u0131n koydu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 nas\u0131l ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131, bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fmak i\u00e7in nelerle m\u00fccadele etmek zorunda olduklar\u0131 ve devletin bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00e7izilmesindeki ve\/veya kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki etkisinin ne oldu\u011fudur.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0II.\u00a0<\/strong>Kamusal Alan ve Kad\u0131n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Kamusal alan ve kad\u0131n ili\u015fkisini anlayabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nce kamusal alan nedir, onu anlamam\u0131z gerekiyor. Bu konuda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f felsefe profes\u00f6r\u00fc, sosyolog ve siyaset bilimci olarak niteleyebilece\u011fimiz J\u00fcrgen Habermas\u2019a bakmak gerekiyor. Habermas\u2019a g\u00f6re;<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2018Kamusal alan\u2019 kavram\u0131yla, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7inde, kamuoyuna benzer bir \u015feyin olu\u015fturulabildi\u011fi bir alan\u0131 kastederiz. Bu alana t\u00fcm yurtta\u015flar\u0131n eri\u015fmesi garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zel bireylerin kamusal bir g\u00f6vde olu\u015fturarak topland\u0131klar\u0131 her konu\u015fma durumunda, kamusal alan\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 varl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f olur. Bu t\u00fcr bir biraradal\u0131k durumundaki bireylerin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, ne i\u015f ve meslek sahiplerinin \u00f6zel i\u015flerini g\u00f6r\u00fcrken yapt\u0131klar\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flara; ne de bir devlet b\u00fcrokrasinin yasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na tabi anayasal bir d\u00fczenin \u00fcyelerinin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na benzer. Yurtta\u015flar ancak, genel yarara ili\u015fkin meseleler hakk\u0131nda k\u0131s\u0131tlanmam\u0131\u015f bir tarzda, yani toplanma, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme, kanaatlerini ifade etme ve yay\u0131nlama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri garantilenmi\u015f olarak tart\u0131\u015fabildiklerinde kamusal bir g\u00f6vde bi\u00e7iminde davranm\u0131\u015f olurlar.\u201d[4]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131daki tan\u0131m t\u00fcm yurtta\u015flar\u0131n, ortak meselelerde, e\u015fit ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr olarak s\u00f6z, irade ve eylemleriyle var ettikleri ortak bir ileti\u015fimsellik ortam\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca bu tan\u0131m demokratik bir \u00fclkede neler olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini de i\u00e7ermektedir.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kamusal alan\u0131n idealize edilmi\u015f halini ifade eden bu tan\u0131m\u0131n alt\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda kamusal alan\u0131n \u00f6znesinin, hane reisi ve m\u00fclk sahibi erkekler<\/em> olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00d6zel \u015fah\u0131s stat\u00fcs\u00fc, mal sahibi rol\u00fcyle aile reisli\u011fini m\u00fclk\u00fcn sahibiyle \u2018insan\u2019\u0131n rollerini ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u00d6zel alan\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek bir d\u00fczey olan mahremiyet alan\u0131nda u\u00e7la\u015fmas\u0131, m\u00fclk sahibi ile \u2018insan\u2019 rollerinin \u2018\u00f6zel\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmesine zemin haz\u0131rlar; burjuva toplumunda kamunun siyasi \u00f6zbilinci de son kertede bu \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmeye dayan\u0131r.\u201d[6]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131daki al\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6zetlersek: Burjuva olu\u015fum s\u00fcrecinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kamusal alan, d\u00f6nemin belirleyici \u00f6\u011feleriyle bi\u00e7imlenmi\u015ftir. Birincisi \u00f6zel alandaki bireyler, evlerinden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p kamusal alana kat\u0131l\u0131rlar. \u0130kincisi bu bireyler m\u00fclk sahibidirler. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc \u00f6zel bireylerden kastedilenler cinsiyet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan erkeklerdir. Kad\u0131n\u0131n kamusal alanda yeri yoktur; aile ve ev i\u00e7i gibi konular kad\u0131n\u0131n alan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l burjuva kamusal alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 karakterdedir. Bu model orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131yla \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir ve kad\u0131n bir ba\u015fl\u0131k olamayacak kadar g\u00fcndem d\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.[7]<\/a> Bug\u00fcn de durum \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir: Kad\u0131n halen kamusal alan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r ve yeri \u00f6zel alanda g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

III. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n M\u00fccadelesi ve Hukuk<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Modern d\u00fcnya, eskiden var olanlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc yeni bir d\u00fczen yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131rken, bunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan kamusal\/\u00f6zel alan ayr\u0131m\u0131 da kad\u0131nlara y\u00f6nelik yeni normlar getirmi\u015ftir. Zaten cinsiyet\u00e7i yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 verili kabul eden kamusal alan ve \u00f6zel alan ayr\u0131m\u0131, iki alan olarak \u201ciki ayr\u0131 kurallar seti\u201dnin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder. Bu iki ayr\u0131 alanda farkl\u0131 iktidar bi\u00e7imleri, farkl\u0131 iktidar odaklar\u0131 oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130ktidar oda\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zel alanda baba veya aile reisi, kamusal alan\u0131nda ise devlet olarak tan\u0131mlanmakta; \u00f6zel alanda do\u011fal yasalar (do\u011fan\u0131n yasalar\u0131 anlam\u0131nda), kamusal alanda ise devletin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasalar ge\u00e7erli kabul edilmektedir.[8]<\/a> Sonu\u00e7 olarak her iki yasa d\u00fczeni de kad\u0131n\u0131n yeri olarak \u00f6zel alan\u0131 g\u00f6rmekte ve kamusal alana ve iktidara eri\u015femez hale getirmek i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7abay\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Hukuk var olan toplumsal d\u00fczenden, ekonomiden, siyasetten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ele al\u0131namaz ve bunlardan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kamaz. Bu noktada da hukukun kamusal\/\u00f6zel alan ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 veri kabul ederek hareket etti\u011fini, yasalar\u0131n\u0131 buna g\u00f6re bi\u00e7imlendirdi\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Kamusal alan asl\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ile kararlar\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir alan olmas\u0131 gerekir. Hukuk ise kad\u0131nlar\u0131n var olma m\u00fccadelesini y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alanlardan biri olarak e\u015fitli\u011fin en somut tart\u0131\u015f\u0131labildi\u011fi cepheyi olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Hukukun sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 formel e\u015fitlik gerekli, fakat yetersiz kalmaktad\u0131r. Yetersizli\u011fi e\u015fitlik kavram\u0131n\u0131n erkek \u00fczerinden tan\u0131mlamas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na yap\u0131lan vurgu, genellikle kad\u0131nlar\u0131n t\u00fcmden d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131n\u0131 getirmektedir. Bu nedenle hukuk \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in daha somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. Hukuk alan\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar lehine ba\u015far\u0131lar elde etmek tek ba\u015f\u0131na ama\u00e7 de\u011fildir; ama g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

IV. Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u015fitlik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesi y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r devam ediyor ve edecektir. Bu m\u00fccadele patriyarkaya, ekonomik d\u00fczene, siyasete, hukuka, geleneklere, dine, aile kurumuna, kal\u0131p yarg\u0131lara, kamusal\/\u00f6zel alana vb. kar\u015f\u0131 verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hakl\u0131 m\u00fccadelesine k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de olsa bir katk\u0131 yapma amac\u0131yla \u201cKad\u0131n, Kamusal Alan ve Hukuk<\/strong>\u201d adl\u0131 kitap \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yapt\u0131k. Bu kitap hem kad\u0131n m\u00fccadele tarihini ortaya koyma, hem de mevcut T\u00fcrkiye hukuk d\u00fczeninde kad\u0131na bi\u00e7ilen rollere i\u015faret etme ve di\u011fer yandan da kad\u0131na y\u00f6nelik d\u00fczenlemeleri a\u00e7\u0131klama giri\u015fimidir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> J\u00fcrgen Habermas, K\u00fcreselle\u015fme ve Milli Devletlerin Ak\u0131beti<\/strong>, \u0130stanbul, Bak\u0131\u015f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2002, ss. 85, 88, 114; Samuel Bowles, Herbert Gintis, Demokrasi ve Kapitalizm<\/strong>, \u00c7ev. Osman Ak\u0131nhay, \u0130stanbul, Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1996, ss. 290-292.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Emile Durkheim, Sosyolojik Y\u00f6ntemin Kurallar\u0131<\/strong>, \u0130stanbul, Bordo Siyah Klasik Yay\u0131nlar, 2004, ss. 47-50.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> You-me Park, Gayle Wald, \u201cNative Daughters in the Promised Land: Gender, Race, and the Question of Separate Spheres, Masses, Classes, and the Public Sphere, <\/strong>Ed. Mike Hill, Warren Montag, London, Verso, 2000, p. 227.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> J\u00fcrgen Habermas, \u201cKamusal Alan,\u201d Kamusal Alan<\/strong>, Ed. Meral \u00d6zbek, \u0130stanbul, Hil Yay\u0131n, 2004, s. 95.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Meral \u00d6zbek, \u201cKamusal Alan\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131,\u201d Kamusal Alan<\/strong>, \u0130stanbul, Hil Yay\u0131n, 2004, s. 32.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> J\u00fcrgen Habermas, Kamusall\u0131\u011f\u0131n Yap\u0131sal D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong>, \u00c7ev. Tan\u0131l Bora, Mithat Sancar, \u0130stanbul, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2000, ss. 95\u201396.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Park, Wald, p.\u00a0 230.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a>Aksu Bora, \u201cKamusal Alan\/\u00d6zel Alan: Mahrumiyet-\u00d6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme \u0130kileminin \u00d6tesi,\u201d Toplum ve Bilim<\/strong>, Say\u0131 75, K\u0131\u015f 1997, ss. 85\u201393.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I. Giri\u015f 1980\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren \u201ckamusal alan\u201d toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fmeleri a\u00e7\u0131klama ve anlamada s\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u015fvurulan bir standart olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar.\u00a0 Halen etkili bir \u015fekilde siyaset, hukuk, yeni toplumsal hareketler gibi ba\u015fl\u0131klarda \u00f6nemini koruyan kamusal alan kavramla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle \u00fc\u00e7 muhalefet alan\u0131nda geni\u015f yer bulur. Birincisi toplumsal cinsiyet ve cinsellik: \u00d6zellikle \u00f6zel alan\u0131n i\u00e7inde yer alan \u00fcretim, \u00e7ocuk […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":86,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2338","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sayilar-7"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2338","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/86"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2338"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2338\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2338"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2338"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2338"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}