{"id":2383,"date":"2017-08-28T03:37:20","date_gmt":"2017-08-28T00:37:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=2383"},"modified":"2020-04-15T22:59:13","modified_gmt":"2020-04-15T19:59:13","slug":"esneklesme-baglaminda-calisma-iliskilerinin-geldigi-nokta-guvencesizlik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=2383","title":{"rendered":"Esnekle\u015fme Ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u0130li\u015fkilerinin Geldi\u011fi Nokta: G\u00fcvencesizlik"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cK\u00f6lelik hi\u00e7bir zaman kalkmad\u0131, <\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

sadece t\u00fcm \u0131rklar\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletildi<\/span>.\u201d <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Charles Bukowski<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

D\u00fcnyaya ve \u00f6zel olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7ilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve ya\u015famlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son y\u0131llarda bir geriye gidi\u015fin oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6ylenebilir. Fransa\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerce \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131na ili\u015fkin haz\u0131rlanan mevzuat ve programlar\u0131n, temelde i\u015f\u00e7i maliyetlerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesini ve i\u015fverenlerin piyasada daha rahat bir \u015fekilde hareket edebilmelerini sa\u011flayacak nitelikte oldu\u011fu kimse taraf\u0131ndan reddedilemeyecektir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkilerinin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcne tarihsel olarak bakmak, kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fumuz durumu anlayabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Bu ba\u011flamda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin iktidar\u0131na sahne olan onbe\u015f senenin i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7ilerin haklar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirmesini yapabilmek i\u00e7in de i\u015f hukukunun de\u011fi\u015fimi ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ekonomik ve siyasi geli\u015fmeleri ele alarak ba\u015flamak yerinde olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere i\u015f hukukunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, 18. yy. ortalar\u0131nda buharl\u0131 makinalar\u0131n \u00fcretimde kullan\u0131larak seri \u00fcretime ge\u00e7ilmesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Sanayi Devrimi ve bu \u00fcretim i\u00e7in yeni kent merkezlerinde emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn toplanmas\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcretimdeki geli\u015fmeler feodal d\u00f6nemin k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin ve esnaf zanaatkarlar\u0131n\u0131n kent merkezilerinde toplanmaya ve bu \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flamalar\u0131na, b\u00f6ylece toplumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Sanayi Devrimi klasik ekonomik liberalizmin egemen oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde bireylerin e\u015fit ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr oldu\u011funun kabul edildi\u011fi ve bu sebeple bireyler aras\u0131 ili\u015fkilere burjuva hukukunun temel ilkelerinden biri olan s\u00f6zle\u015fme serbestisinin egemen oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6neme do\u011fdu ve bu d\u00f6nemde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkileri, i\u015f\u00e7i i\u015fverenlerin e\u015fit ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr bireyler oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinden hi\u00e7bir devlet m\u00fcdahalesi olmadan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekteydi[foot]Ali G\u00fczel, \u201c\u0130\u015f Hukukunda Yeniden Yap\u0131lanma S\u00fcreci ve \u0130\u015fin D\u00fczenlenmesi Konusunda Esneklik\u201d(Yeniden Yap\u0131lanma), Turhan Esener\u2019e Arma\u011fan, \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukuku T\u00fcrk Milli Komitesi yay\u0131n\u0131, 1999, s. 206; Sarper S\u00fczek, \u0130\u015f Hukuku, Beta Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul:2016, 7 vd.[\/foot].<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

Ne var ki, g\u00f6r\u00fcnen tablo tam tersiydi; kullan\u0131lan \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve yap\u0131lan \u00fcretimlerle sanayile\u015fme geli\u015firken, i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fen k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ve esnaf- zanaatkarlar\u0131n ya\u015fam ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 giderek k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fiyordu. Hi\u00e7bir koruyucu kanun ve mesleki\/sendikal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde, ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc elinde bulunduran i\u015fverenler, i\u015f\u00e7ileri \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcrelerde, insani \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve ya\u015fama ko\u015fullar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00fcvencesiz ve sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u0130\u015f kazalar\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a fazlayd\u0131. \u00c7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ilik \u00e7ok yayg\u0131nd\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n zorlu\u011fu yan\u0131nda \u00fccretler \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fc, i\u015fverenlerin keyfi i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmalar\u0131 sebebiyle i\u015fsizlik art\u0131yordu ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin konutlar\u0131 da asgari ya\u015fam standartlar\u0131na ula\u015fman\u0131n \u00e7ok gerisindeydi[foot]G\u00fczel, Yeniden Yap\u0131lanma, 206; S\u00fczek, 8; Nuri \u00c7elik\/Nur\u015fen Caniklio\u011flu\/Talat Canbolat, \u0130\u015f Hukuku Dersleri, Yenilenmi\u015f 29. Bas\u0131, Beta, \u0130stanbul:2016, 3vd. Bu zamana dair \u0130ngiliz i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n durumu i\u00e7in bkz. Friedrich Engels, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Durumu, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara:1997, 45 vd.[\/foot]. \u0130\u015fte i\u015f hukuku tam da b\u00f6yle bir d\u00f6neme do\u011fdu.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkilerindeki k\u00f6t\u00fc ko\u015fullar i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelere ve i\u015fverenlere kar\u015f\u0131 tepkilere sebep oldu. Bu tepkiler, sanayile\u015fen devletler taraf\u0131ndan yasaklamalarla bast\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lsa da artarak devam etti. Bunun \u00fczerine, devletler grevleri bast\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemi olarak i\u015f\u00e7ileri sisteme uyumlula\u015ft\u0131rma yolunu se\u00e7tiler ve i\u015f\u00e7iyi koruyucu asgari d\u00fczeyde d\u00fczenlemeler yaparak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131na m\u00fcdahalede bulundular[foot]\u00c7elik\/Caniklio\u011flu\/Canbolat,4vd.;S\u00fczek,9.[\/foot]. Bu kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli geli\u015fme g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ve i\u015f hukukunun \u201calt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak kabul edildi\u011fi d\u00f6nemin II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131na tekab\u00fcl etti\u011fini s\u00f6ylersek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. Bunun sebeplerinden biri, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n iktidar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131 ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki i\u015f\u00e7iler lehine sosyal adaletin geli\u015fmesine ve sosyal – ekonomik haklar\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131ysa bir di\u011fer sebebi de, sermaye birikimi modeli olarak Fordist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ve sosyal refah devleti ile sosyal haklar\u0131n geli\u015fimi olmu\u015ftur. Fordist \u00fcretim temel olarak bir yandan kitlesel \u00fcretimi bir yandan da kitlesel t\u00fcketimi simgelemekteydi. Bu model ile, tam istihdam ve refah devleti ile b\u00fcy\u00fcme hedeflenmekte b\u00f6ylece t\u00fcketimi artt\u0131rma ama\u00e7lanmaktayd\u0131[foot]Orhan \u015eim\u015fek, K\u00fcreselle\u015fme ve Yeni Devlet Kapitalizminin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi, TAEM Yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara: 2017, 41.[\/foot].<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

S\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemde, sosyal ve ekonomik haklar anayasalarca g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, i\u015f\u00e7i yarar\u0131na kanunlarla d\u00fczenlemelerde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara ayn\u0131 hak ve g\u00fcvenceleri tan\u0131yan, belirsiz s\u00fcreli i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleriyle kurulan tam g\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma modeli benimsenmi\u015ftir[foot]Arzu Kuban, \u201c\u0130\u015f Hukukunda Esneklik Tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir De\u011ferlendirme\u201d, \u0130stanbul Barosu \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Hukuku Komisyonu B\u00fclteni, S.4, \u0130stanbul: 2000, 54[\/foot]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilecekleri sosyal risklere kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvencenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 \u0130\u015f Hukukunun bir konusu haline gelmi\u015f ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukuku do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, sosyal devlet ilkesi gere\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131, eme\u011fin korunmas\u0131ndan yana sistematik ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 kurallarla d\u00fczenleyen mevzuat, \u0130\u015f Hukukuna kurumsal bir nitelik kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlarla birlikte, sendikalar, i\u015fveren kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir konuma yerle\u015fmi\u015f ve bu sebeple, toplu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ile i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131na ili\u015fkin daha iyi ko\u015fullar\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ne var ki bu d\u00f6nem uzun s\u00fcrmemi\u015f, 1970\u2019lerin ba\u015flar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Fordizmde verimlilik art\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n gerilemesi ve petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131yla birlikte durgunluk d\u00f6nemine girilmi\u015ftir. Kapitalizm bu durgunluk sebebiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan krizleri ba\u015fka bir birikim modeli olarak neo-liberal politikalarla a\u015fma yolunu tercih etmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6z konusu politikalar, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkilerinde ise esnekle\u015fme olarak kendini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Esnekle\u015fme ile birlikte, i\u015f hukukunun i\u015f\u00e7ileri koruma ama\u00e7l\u0131 temel istihdam modeli olan tam ve belirsiz s\u00fcreli i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine g\u00f6re istihdam modeli d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm i\u00e7ine girmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ile birlikte, i\u015fverenlerin \u00fcretimi d\u0131\u015fsalla\u015ft\u0131rarak, sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 i\u015fverenlere devretmesinin kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Teknolojik ve ekonomik geli\u015fmelere ve piyasadaki rekabete uyum sa\u011flama amac\u0131yla, k\u0131smi s\u00fcreli, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, evden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, ge\u00e7ici i\u015f ili\u015fkisi vb. \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imleri ile belirli s\u00fcreli i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin istisna olmaktan ola\u011fan olma yolundaki s\u00fcreci, i\u015f\u00e7ileri koruyucu d\u00fczenlemelerin yetersiz kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak tam s\u00fcreli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 erozyona u\u011frat\u0131rken, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin gelecek kayg\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00fcvencesiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na sebep olmaktad\u0131r[foot]Ali G\u00fczel\/Hande Heper, \u201cS\u00fcrekli \u0130stihdamdan Ge\u00e7ici Atipik \u0130stihdama!…: Mesleki Ama\u00e7l\u0131 Ge\u00e7ici \u0130\u015f \u0130li\u015fkisi\u201d, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve Toplum, S.52,2017\/1, 12-13[\/foot].<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkilerinin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye<\/span><\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7 kapitalistle\u015fen T\u00fcrkiye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, d\u00fcnyadaki bu neo-liberal de\u011fi\u015fimin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131n\u0131 24 Ocak Kararlar\u0131 ve akabinde 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 darbesi ile birlikte de\u011fi\u015fen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkileri sistemi olarak ele alabiliriz. Ancak T\u00fcrkiye geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeyi daha farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131 sebebiyle, uzun bir s\u00fcre \u00f6zellikle Avrupa \u00fclkelerindekinden farkl\u0131 bir yol izlemi\u015f ve Fordizmin sorunu olan emek verimlili\u011fini uluslararas\u0131 bir noktaya getirme gereksinimi bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan 1980 Darbesi sonras\u0131nda i\u015fverenleri en fazla rahats\u0131z eden i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kolektif g\u00fcc\u00fcne, \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin m\u00fcdahalelerde bulunmu\u015ftur[foot]Gamze Y\u00fccesan \u00d6zdemir\/ Ali Murat \u00d6zdemir, Sermayenin Adaleti \u2013 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Emek ve Sosyal Politika, Dipnot Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara:2008, 95; Murat \u00d6zveri, \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve \u0130\u015f Cinayetleri, Birle\u015fik Metal-\u0130\u015f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, No.5, \u0130stanbul: Aral\u0131k 2015, 61 vd.[\/foot]. Bu ba\u011flamda, sendikalar kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sendika y\u00f6neticileri cezaevlerine konarak haklar\u0131nda yarg\u0131lamalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sendikalar\u0131n ve toplu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc minimalize edecek s\u0131n\u0131rlamalarla dolu yasalar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokulmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkileri ve i\u015f hukuku kolektif alandan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131larak bireysel i\u015f hukuku alan\u0131 olan i\u015f\u00e7i\/ i\u015fveren ili\u015fkileri ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmak istenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1980 sonlar\u0131, 1990 ba\u015flar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, T\u00fcrkiye sermayesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahale ve d\u00fczenlemeler yeterli olmam\u0131\u015f, ekonomik krizler bu yetersizli\u011fin g\u00f6stergeleri olmu\u015ftur. 1990 sonras\u0131nda krizlerin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve beklenen \u00fcretkenli\u011fin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye uluslararas\u0131 sermayeye kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 daha fazla a\u00e7ma yolunu tercih etmi\u015f ve bununla birlikte \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmeler g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir. 2000\u2019lere gelindi\u011finde, d\u00fcnyada siyasal konjonkt\u00fcr\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fmesiyle beraber, ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 sermayenin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 bireysel i\u015f hukuku alan\u0131nda daha fazla kendini g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2003\u2019te de\u011fi\u015fen \u0130\u015f Kanunun genel gerek\u00e7esinde de uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelere ve AB mevzuat\u0131na uyumun dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilirken \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7i- \u0130\u015fveren ili\u015fkilerini d\u00fczenleyen temel yasa niteli\u011findeki \u0130\u015f Kanununun izlenen ekonomik, sosyal politikalardan, siyasal geli\u015fmelerden etkilenmesi, hatta bunlar\u0131n izlerini yans\u0131tmas\u0131 gayet do\u011fald\u0131r.\u201d denilerek asl\u0131nda konjonkt\u00fcrel de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131na etkili oldu\u011fu kanun koyucu taraf\u0131ndan da kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde i\u015f hukukunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmleri sebebiyle kat\u0131 olarak kabul edilen d\u00fczenlemelerin teknolojiye ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerindeki de\u011fi\u015fime ve piyasa rekabetine uyum sa\u011flayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilmi\u015ftir. Bu sebeple, bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin yumu\u015fat\u0131larak i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ve devlet m\u00fcdahalesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan toplu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine (Burada sendikalar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn 1980 darbesiyle birlikte geldi\u011fi nokta g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r) daha geni\u015f bir alan sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ifade edilir olmu\u015ftur. Yine bu d\u00f6nemde krizler gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6sterilerek i\u015fverenlerin mali a\u00e7\u0131dan ayakta kalmalar\u0131n\u0131n istihdam\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu sebeple, i\u015f hukukunun i\u015f\u00e7inin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7larken, i\u015fletmelerinde korunmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmesi gerekti\u011fi savunusu \u00f6\u011fretide yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[foot]Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. Seyfettin G\u00fcrsel, \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fcme, \u0130\u015fsizlik ve \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc Piyasa Reformlar\u0131\u201d, \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukukuna \u0130li\u015fkin Sorunlar ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00d6nerileri 13. Y\u0131l Toplant\u0131lar\u0131, \u0130stanbul Barosu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul: 2010, 16vd; S\u00fczek, 17 vd.[\/foot].<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

D\u00fcnya ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki bu siyasal ve ekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme paralel olarak 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda Adalet ve Kalk\u0131nma Partisi (AKP) iktidara gelmi\u015f ve ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 sermayenin ihtiya\u00e7 ve talepleri do\u011frultusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkilerine ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemeler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sebeple, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde s\u00f6z konusu iktidar d\u00f6neminde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkilerinde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

2002 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkilerindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc sa\u011flayan d\u00fczenlemeler<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar\u0131ndan biri olan ve AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmeti iktidara geldikten sonra \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkilerine dair at\u0131lan ilk ad\u0131m, 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u015f kanununun de\u011fi\u015fmesi olmu\u015ftur. Esnekle\u015fmeye yeterli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde cevap veremedi\u011fi iddia edilen 1475 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Kanununu y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131ran 4857 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Kanunu ile birlikte, yeni esnek istihdam bi\u00e7imleri ve esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131na pozitif d\u00fczenleme olarak girmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece i\u015fverenlerin \u00fcretim talepleri do\u011frultusunda i\u015f organizasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 yapabilmelerini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, k\u0131smi s\u00fcreli i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, ge\u00e7ici i\u015f ili\u015fkisi, belirli s\u00fcreli i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, denkle\u015ftirme, telafi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 vb. d\u00fczenlemelerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanunda bu yeni istihdam bi\u00e7imlerine ili\u015fkin i\u015f\u00e7iyi koruyucu d\u00fczenlemeler getirilmi\u015f olsa da uygulamada bu d\u00fczenlemelerin i\u015f\u00e7ileri tam olarak korumad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7iler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok \u00e7ok hak kayb\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k konusu olan davalardan da anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 2016\u2019da ise 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda kamuoyu tepkisi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden son anda geri \u00e7ekilen mesleki ama\u00e7l\u0131 ge\u00e7ici i\u015f ili\u015fkisi yani \u00f6zel istihdam b\u00fcrolar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7ilerin farkl\u0131 i\u015fverenlere kiralanmas\u0131 kurumu kabul edilmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6z konusu bu uygulama ise, i\u015f hukukunun i\u015f\u00e7iyi koruyucu i\u015flevini adeta etkisiz k\u0131lmakta, i\u015f\u00e7inin eme\u011finin de\u011fil bizzat kendisinin meta olarak piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r[foot]Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. G\u00fczel\/Heper, \u201cS\u00fcrekli \u0130stihdamdan Ge\u00e7ici Atipik \u0130stihdama!…: Mesleki Ama\u00e7l\u0131 Ge\u00e7ici \u0130\u015f \u0130li\u015fkisi\u201d, 11 vd.[\/foot].<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, kamuda memurlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenceli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan stat\u00fc hukuku yan\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli personel, ge\u00e7ici personel, alt i\u015fverenlik gibi farkl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imlerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle as\u0131l i\u015fveren alt i\u015fverenlik kurumuna ili\u015fkin s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, 4734 say\u0131l\u0131 Kamu \u0130hale Kanunu ve \u0130\u015f Kanununun m.2 h\u00fckm\u00fc ile y\u0131llar ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e yumu\u015fat\u0131larak ta\u015feronlu\u011fun kamuda artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Devlet Personel Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sundu\u011fu 31.12.2016 tarihli verilere g\u00f6re kamuda 123.987 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli personel, 270.305 i\u015f\u00e7i, 62.183 \u00f6zel h\u00fck\u00fcmlere tabi i\u015f\u00e7i ve 21.042 ge\u00e7ici personel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r[foot]Bkz. www.dpb.gov.tr[\/foot].<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

Kamuda bunlar olurken, 4857 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun ile i\u015f\u00e7ilere g\u00fcvenceli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n getirildi\u011fi iddias\u0131n\u0131n pek de ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. 4857 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Kanununda yer alan i\u015f g\u00fcvencesi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re, bu Kanun kapsam\u0131nda en az 6 ayd\u0131r, 30 ve daha fazla i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran ayn\u0131 i\u015fverenin i\u015fyerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan ihbar s\u00fcresi verilerek i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin feshetmeleri i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli bir nedenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aranmaktad\u0131r. Ancak \u0130\u015f Kanunu ile i\u015f g\u00fcvencesi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin getirilmesi olumlu olsa da d\u00fczenlemenin i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve kapsam\u0131 bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden yararlanacak i\u015f\u00e7i kesimin \u00e7ok k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 ve i\u00e7eri\u011finin ise yetersiz oldu\u011funu y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir[\/foot]Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. Ali G\u00fczel, \u201c\u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Sona Ermesi ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 (Ele\u015ftirel Bir Yakla\u015f\u0131m)\u201d, \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukuku Akademik Forumu, Legal, \u0130stanbul: 2014, 236 vd.[\/foot].<\/p>\n

Yine i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisindeki istihdam g\u00fcvencesinin yan\u0131nda, i\u015fsiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda ekonomik durumunun zora girmesini \u00f6nlemeyi ama\u00e7layan 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 4447 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunla kurulan \u0130\u015fsizlik Fonunda bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu Kanun esas\u0131nda her i\u015f\u00e7iden i\u015fsizlik sigortas\u0131 primi kesiliyor olsa da i\u015fsizlik fonundan yararlanma \u015fartlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir kesimin Kanundan yararlanmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir i\u015f\u00e7i toplam\u0131n\u0131n bu fondan yararlan\u0131yor olu\u015fu ise y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde fonda biriken miktar\u0131n artmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. H\u00fck\u00fcmet ise, biriken bu fazla miktar\u0131, ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bertaraf etmek ad\u0131na kimi kurumlar\u0131 bu Fona dahil etme yolunu tercih etmi\u015ftir. 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu fon i\u00e7inden \u00dccret Garanti Fonu olu\u015fturularak i\u015fverenin \u00f6deme aczine d\u00fc\u015fmesi durumunda i\u015f\u00e7ilerin geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck 3 ayl\u0131k \u00fccretlerinin, yine 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu fondan k\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6dene\u011finin, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda do\u011fum sonras\u0131 haftal\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresinin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7in yar\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6dene\u011finin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 kabul edildi, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise bu Fondan Esnaf Ahilik Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ve yard\u0131mlar\u0131n bu Fondan kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 Meclis\u2019ten ge\u00e7ti. B\u00f6ylece i\u015f\u00e7ilerin i\u015f g\u00fcvencesi ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ya da i\u015ften ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra i\u015f aramalar\u0131 s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde mali zorlu\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fmemeleri i\u00e7in getirilen d\u00fczenlemeler \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ve iddia edilenleri getirmedi. Kamu kurumlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan verilen istatistiki veriler de bu durumu kan\u0131tlar niteliktedir: T\u00dc\u0130K Mart 2017 verilerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 %11,7 iken, \u0130\u015eKUR\u2019un a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na g\u00f6re Ocak 2017\u2019de i\u015fsizlik maa\u015f\u0131 alanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 507 bin 357\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Sosyal g\u00fcvenlik alan\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda 5510 say\u0131l\u0131 Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sa\u011fl\u0131k Sigortas\u0131 Kanunu kabul edildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu Kanun sosyal g\u00fcvenlik alan\u0131nda bir reform olarak sunulmu\u015ftur. Kanun temel olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara ili\u015fkin \u00fc\u00e7 kanunu (hizmet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara ili\u015fkin 506 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara ili\u015fkin 1479 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun, kamu personeline ili\u015fkin 5434 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun) birle\u015ftirerek tek kanun haline getirme ve b\u00f6ylece \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar aras\u0131ndaki sosyal g\u00fcvenli\u011fe ili\u015fkin farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rma iddias\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Ancak Kanun, ger\u00e7ekten farkl\u0131 stat\u00fcdeki bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u00fckm\u00fc i\u00e7eren, y\u0131llar i\u00e7erisinde say\u0131s\u0131z h\u00fckm\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fen ve 108 madde, 15 ek madde ve 74 ge\u00e7ici madde ile adeta i\u015f hukuk\u00e7ular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131lamayan bir kanuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu Kanunun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan getirdi\u011fi en b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131p ise emeklilik ya\u015f ve ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 olmas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur[foot]Sosyal g\u00fcvenlik kanunda yap\u0131lan reforma ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirme i\u00e7in bkz. Ali G\u00fczel\/Ali R\u0131za Okur\/Nur\u015fen Caniklio\u011flu, Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukuku, Yenilenmi\u015f 16. Bas\u0131, Beta, \u0130stanbul:2016, 71 vd.[\/foot].<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f hukukunda i\u015f\u00e7ilerin v\u00fccut ve bedensel b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fcklerinin korunmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Keza d\u00fcnyada i\u015f hukukuna ili\u015fkin yap\u0131lan ilk d\u00fczenlemeler de bunlara ili\u015fkin olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2012 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fine ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemeler genel olarak i\u015f kanunlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise bu alana dair \u00f6zel bir kanun d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f ve akabinde buna ba\u011fl\u0131 y\u00f6netmelikler haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 6331 say\u0131l\u0131 bu Kanunun amac\u0131 ilgili Kanunun m.1 h\u00fckm\u00fcnde belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere, i\u015fyerlerinde i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve mevcut sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenlik \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in i\u015fveren ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n g\u00f6rev, yetki, sorumluluk, hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini d\u00fczenlemektir. Ne var ki, gelinen s\u00fcre\u00e7te denetimlerin yetersizli\u011fi, tazminatlar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kay\u0131td\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6nlenememesi, i\u015f kazalar\u0131 ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndaki oranlar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sadece pozitif d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131larak bu alanda\u00a0yeterli olunamayaca\u011f\u0131 bir kez daha g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr[foot]Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. \u00d6zveri, \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve \u0130\u015f Cinayetleri, 74 vd.[\/foot]. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen toplumun tamam\u0131n\u0131 derinden sarsan 301 maden i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Soma katliam\u0131, bu sonucun ac\u0131 bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Belirtelim ki, son y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda i\u015f hukukunun esnekle\u015ftirilmesinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri olan performansa dayal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sisteminin ve i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi stresin i\u015f\u00e7ilerde patolojik sorunlara yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olup, bu sorunlar \u00e7e\u015fitli kas hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan, burn-out (Karoshi) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan erken \u00f6l\u00fcmlere kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r[foot]Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. G\u00fczel\/Okur\/Caniklio\u011flu, 325; G\u00fczel, A., \u201c\u0130\u015f Hukukunda Yetki ve De\u011ferlendirme\u201d, Prof. Dr. \u0130lhan Ulusan\u2019a Arma\u011fan, C.3, 2016, 368 vd.[\/foot]. Ne var ki, yasal mevzuat\u0131n bu konuda da i\u015f\u00e7ileri korumada yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

Bunlarla birlikte, 15 Temmuz darbe giri\u015fimi sonras\u0131 OHAL d\u00f6neminde de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkilerine ili\u015fkin bir\u00e7ok d\u00fczenleme g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir. Bunlardan biri 45 ya\u015f alt\u0131 t\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n otomatik bireysel emeklilik fonuna dahil edilmesidir. Di\u011ferleri ise i\u015f\u00e7iler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kazan\u0131m olan k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131n\u0131n fona devredilmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131 kanun tasar\u0131s\u0131 ile i\u015f yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131nda zorunlu arabuluculuk kurumunu getiren, tazminat zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcrelerini azaltan ve yasala\u015f\u0131rsa beraberinde bir\u00e7ok sorunu getirecek olan i\u015f\u00a0mahkemeleri kanunu tasar\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r[foot]Tasar\u0131da bulunan d\u00fczenlemelerin de\u011ferlendirmesine ili\u015fkin i\u00e7in bkz. Ali G\u00fczel, \u201c\u0130\u015f Mahkemeleri Kanunu Tasar\u0131s\u0131 Tasla\u011f\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Baz\u0131 Ayk\u0131r\u0131 D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler!…\u201d, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve Toplum, S.50, 2016\/3, 1131 vd.[\/foot].<\/p>\n

Yine OHAL d\u00f6neminde, 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 6356 say\u0131l\u0131 Sendikalar ve Toplu \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri Kanununda[foot]Kanuna ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirme i\u00e7in bkz. Ali G\u00fczel, \u201cToplu Pazarl\u0131k Ve Toplu \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi Sistemine Ele\u015ftirel Bir Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u201d, Prof. Dr. Fevzi \u015eahlanan\u2019a Arma\u011fan, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, \u0130stanbul: 2016, 891 vd.[\/foot] da de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe gidilmi\u015ftir. 31.10.2016 tarihli ve 678 say\u0131l\u0131 KHK ile ilgili Kanunun \u201cgrev ve lokavt\u0131n ertelenmesi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 m.63 h\u00fckm\u00fcne, \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir belediyelerinin \u015fehir i\u00e7i toplu ta\u015f\u0131ma hizmetlerini, bankac\u0131l\u0131k hizmetlerinde ekonomik veya finansal istikrar\u0131\u201d ibaresi eklenmi\u015f ve Bakanlar Kurulu\u2019nun genel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya milli g\u00fcvenli\u011fi bozucu nitelikte olan grev ve lokavt\u0131 erteleme yetkisi geni\u015fletilmi\u015ftir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin sonucu olarak 20.03.2017 tarihinde Bakanlar Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan Akbank i\u015fyerlerinde al\u0131nan grev karar\u0131 ertelenmi\u015ftir. Bunu daha sonra Bakanlar Kurulu\u2019nun 16.05.2017 tarihli kararla \u015ei\u015fecam grevinin ertenlemesi izlemi\u015f ve OHAL d\u00f6neminde al\u0131nan t\u00fcm grev kararlar\u0131 birer birer ertelenmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece i\u015f\u00e7ilerin Anayasa m.54 h\u00fckm\u00fcnde anayasal bir hak olarak d\u00fczenlenen grev hakk\u0131 b\u00f6ylece adeta kullan\u0131lamaz hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

Sonu\u00e7 yerine…<\/span><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da k\u0131saca a\u00e7\u0131klanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde i\u015f\u00e7iler s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7inde g\u00fcvenceli ve insan onuruna yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmelerinin zorla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tespit edilmektedir. Her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7iler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda gelecek belirsizli\u011fi artmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu d\u00f6nemin karakteristik \u00f6zelli\u011finin \u201cg\u00fcvencesizlik\u201d oldu\u011funun a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6ylenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda, i\u015f hukukunun \u201calt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak \u00f6\u011fretide kabul edilen d\u00f6nem sona ermi\u015ftir. Peki i\u015f hukuku, varolu\u015f amac\u0131 olan i\u015f\u00e7iyi koruma ilkesine yeniden d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f sa\u011flayabilecek midir?<\/p>\n

Bu noktada, i\u015f hukukunun geldi\u011fi g\u00fcncel durum ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yeni bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131z. Bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6\u011fretide yeni tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve i\u015f hukukunun i\u015flevinin yeniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi elzem. Ancak i\u015f hukukunda tekrar nas\u0131l g\u00fcvenceli ve insan onuruna yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hakk\u0131na sahip olunabilece\u011fi, as\u0131l olarak bunun \u00f6znesi olan i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015f hukukunda neo-liberal politikalar\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde bu haklar\u0131n hangi ara\u00e7 ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerle kazan\u0131labilece\u011fine ili\u015fkin yap\u0131lacak tart\u0131\u015fmalarla belirlenebilecektir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cK\u00f6lelik hi\u00e7bir zaman kalkmad\u0131, sadece t\u00fcm \u0131rklar\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletildi.\u201d Charles Bukowski D\u00fcnyaya ve \u00f6zel olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7ilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve ya\u015famlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son y\u0131llarda bir geriye gidi\u015fin oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6ylenebilir. Fransa\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerce \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131na ili\u015fkin haz\u0131rlanan mevzuat ve programlar\u0131n, temelde i\u015f\u00e7i maliyetlerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesini ve i\u015fverenlerin piyasada daha rahat bir \u015fekilde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":92,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[133,80],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2383","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dosya","category-sayilar-8"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2383","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/92"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2383"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2383\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2383"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2383"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2383"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}