{"id":3374,"date":"2018-09-11T17:51:43","date_gmt":"2018-09-11T14:51:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=3374"},"modified":"2020-05-25T13:46:06","modified_gmt":"2020-05-25T10:46:06","slug":"anayasamiza-gore-cumhurbaskaninin-donem-siniri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=3374","title":{"rendered":"Anayasam\u0131za G\u00f6re Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n D\u00f6nem S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n halk taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmesine y\u00f6nelik 5678 say\u0131l\u0131 ve 31.5.2007 tarihli Anayasa De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Hakk\u0131ndaki Kanun, yaln\u0131zca cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n TBMM taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, halk taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmesine y\u00f6nelik de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi getirmemi\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi, d\u00f6nem s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, se\u00e7im y\u00f6ntemine ili\u015fkin de kurallar\u0131 belirlemi\u015ftir. TBMM taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen cumhurba\u015fkanlar\u0131 7 y\u0131l i\u00e7in ve 1 defaya mahsus olarak se\u00e7ilmekteydiler. Yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikle \u201cCumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi be\u015f y\u0131ld\u0131r. Bir kimse en fazla iki defa Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ilebilir.\u201d <\/em>kural\u0131 da 101. maddeye eklenmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ilme yeterlili\u011fine sahip T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti vatanda\u015flar\u0131na iki defa se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131, g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi indirilerek verilmi\u015ftir. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n halk taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmesine y\u00f6nelik 5678 say\u0131l\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi m\u00fcteakiben 6271 say\u0131l\u0131 Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Se\u00e7imi Kanunu da 19.01.2012 tarihinde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu kural, Kanunda da aynen tekrarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

5678 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin halk oylamas\u0131 ile kabul\u00fcnden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce se\u00e7ilen 11. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Abdullah G\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcn g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi ve tekrar se\u00e7ilip se\u00e7ilemeyece\u011fi de bu d\u00f6nemde tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olmu\u015ftur. 6271 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunun Ge\u00e7ici 1. maddesi, bu duruma a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmek \u00fczere \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 11. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n TBMM taraf\u0131ndan yedi y\u0131l i\u00e7in bir defaya mahsus se\u00e7ildi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6rev s\u00fcresinde ve bunun s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda, 11. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7ildi\u011fi tarihte y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan norm uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kan\u0131mca do\u011fru bir hukuki d\u00fczenlemedir. Bununla birlikte s\u00f6z konusu yasa kural\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00f6n\u00fcne g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Mahkeme, 11. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresinin yedi y\u0131l oldu\u011funu kabul etmekle birlikte, tekrar se\u00e7ilmeyi engelleyen kural\u0131n Anayasan\u0131n yeni d\u00fczenlemesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa karar vermi\u015ftir[1]<\/a>. Tekrar aday olunacak olan tarihteki mevcut normun, se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131nda geni\u015fleme yaratmas\u0131 sebebiyle uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirlenirken, d\u00f6nem s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na ili\u015fkin de bir tespit yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cCumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 aday\u0131 olmaya ili\u015fkin di\u011fer ko\u015fullar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yanlara ikinci kez aday g\u00f6sterilme hakk\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu hak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Anayasada mevcut ve \u00f6nceki Cumhurba\u015fkanlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan herhangi bir istisna \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

Bu karar ile Anayasa Mahkemesi, herhangi ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u00fckm\u00fc konulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde iki d\u00f6nem kural\u0131n\u0131n eski ve yeni cumhurba\u015fkanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in hem bir hak hem de bir g\u00f6rev s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu \u015f\u00fcphe g\u00f6t\u00fcrmeyecek \u015fekilde tespit etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

2017 senesinde, Anayasam\u0131zdaki yar\u0131-ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sistemini, bu defa da ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sisteminin bir t\u00fcr\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu de\u011fi\u015fiklikle 1982 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n muhtelif maddeleri yeniden d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, ancak 101. maddedeki g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi ve d\u00f6nem s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcm aynen b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Herhangi bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00fczenlemesi de getirilmemi\u015ftir. 6771 say\u0131l\u0131 2017 tarihli Anayasa De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Hakk\u0131ndaki Kanun\u2019un gerek\u00e7esinde de yeni olmayan bu kurala ili\u015fkin, do\u011fal olarak, bir a\u00e7\u0131klamaya rastlan\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r. 101. maddede yap\u0131lan di\u011fer de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin ise birlikte yap\u0131lacak ilk T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi ve Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imlerine ili\u015fkin takvimin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sadece cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n partisi ile ili\u015fi\u011fini kesen d\u00fczenlemenin referandumda kabul\u00fc ile birlikte hemen y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girece\u011fi belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklik ile getirilen h\u00fck\u00fcmet sisteminde ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sisteminin kimi kurumlar\u0131 parlamenter sisteme \u00f6zg\u00fc kurumlarla melezlenerek cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131\/ba\u015fkan g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmek istenmi\u015ftir. Bu ama\u00e7la esasen ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sistemlerinin saf h\u00e2linde (pure presidentialism<\/em>) rastlanmayan, ancak kuvvetler aras\u0131ndaki kontrol-denge bozulmu\u015f ba\u015fkanc\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinde g\u00f6rebilece\u011fimiz fesih\/se\u00e7imleri yenileme kurumu anayasam\u0131za konulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u201cH. T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi ve Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7imlerinin yenilenmesi <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

MADDE 116- <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tamsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla se\u00e7imlerin yenilenmesine karar verebilir. Bu halde T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi genel se\u00e7imi ile Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imi birlikte yap\u0131l\u0131r. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7imlerin yenilenmesine karar vermesi halinde, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi genel se\u00e7imi ile Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imi birlikte yap\u0131l\u0131r. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n ikinci d\u00f6neminde Meclis taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7imlerin yenilenmesine karar verilmesi halinde, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 bir defa daha aday olabilir. Se\u00e7imlerinin birlikte yenilenmesine karar verilen Meclisin ve Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n yetki ve g\u00f6revleri, yeni Meclisin ve Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6reve ba\u015flamas\u0131na kadar devam eder. Bu \u015fekilde se\u00e7ilen Meclis ve Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rev s\u00fcreleri de be\u015f y\u0131ld\u0131r\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve TBMM se\u00e7imlerinin ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn yap\u0131lmas\u0131 bu iki erkin farkl\u0131 parti veya parti koalisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mesini engellemeyecektir. Nitekim getirilen bu d\u00fczenleme ile Meclis \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun, cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir siyasi parti veya koalisyonun elinde olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde aralar\u0131nda olu\u015facak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmenin ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, se\u00e7imlerin de birlikte yenilenmesi kural\u0131 ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

TBMM\u2019nin de se\u00e7imleri yenileme yetkisi de devam etmektedir. Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 nitelikli bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun karar\u0131na ba\u011flanarak zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan bu d\u00fczenleme ile TBMM, kendi se\u00e7imlerini ancak cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7imleriyle birlikte yenileyebilmektedir. \u0130\u015fte bu noktada iki d\u00f6nem kural\u0131n\u0131n tek istisnas\u0131 kabul edilmektedir. Kendi iradesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda se\u00e7imleri yenilenirse ve cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 da ikinci d\u00f6nemindeyse bir defa daha se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131labilir<\/em><\/strong>. Birinci d\u00f6nemindeyse zaten bir d\u00f6nem daha se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131 bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in iki d\u00f6nem s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde 6271 say\u0131l\u0131 Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Se\u00e7imi Kanunu\u2019nun 5.4.2018 tarihinde de\u011fi\u015ftirilen 3. maddesinin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131 da s\u00f6z konusu kural\u0131 belirtmektedir:<\/p>\n

\u201cBir kimse en fazla iki defa Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ilebilir. Ancak Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n ikinci d\u00f6neminde Meclis taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7imlerin yenilenmesine karar verilmesi h\u00e2linde, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 bir defa daha aday olabilir<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi ne Anayasa da ne de Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Se\u00e7imi Kanunu’nda bu kurallar\u0131n uygulamas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan mevcut 12. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan i\u00e7in bir istisna ya da ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u00fckm\u00fc \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Se\u00e7imlerin yenilenmesine ili\u015fkin yeni kural ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak getirilen istisna ise 13. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7imi ile birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girecektir. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi yeni norm bir istisna halini gayet net olarak tarif etmektedir. Ba\u015fkaca da bir istisna kabul edilmi\u015f de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki d\u00f6nem kural\u0131n\u0131n istisnas\u0131n\u0131n 12. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 i\u00e7in de uygulanabilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Ancak bu istisna se\u00e7imleri TBMM\u2019nin yenilemesi h\u00e2line \u00f6zg\u00fclenmi\u015ftir. Bunun mefhumu muhalifinden \u00e7\u0131kan anlam, ikinci d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilmi\u015f olan cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n se\u00e7imleri kendisinin yenilemesi halinde tekrar se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011fald\u0131r ki istisnay\u0131 cumhurba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n ikinci d\u00f6nemlerinde kendi kararlar\u0131 ile se\u00e7imleri yenilmesi h\u00e2lini de i\u00e7ine alacak \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlemek cumhurba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 bu yetkiyi, bir daha se\u00e7ilebilmek amac\u0131yla kullanmaya \u00f6zendirirdi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak ikinci d\u00f6nemine se\u00e7ilmi\u015f bir cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi dolmadan TBMM se\u00e7imlerini yenileyerek mevcut meclisi feshetmek istiyorsa, kendisinin se\u00e7imlerinin de yenilenece\u011fini ve bir daha aday olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilerek bunu yapmal\u0131d\u0131r. Anayasa’n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011framam\u0131\u015f bir normunu, ona ili\u015fkin bir ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u00fckm\u00fc veya istisna \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015fken, yeni bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet sistemine ge\u00e7ildi diye g\u00f6rmezden gelmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamaz.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k, yar\u0131 ba\u015fkanl\u0131k hatta cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n halk taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ildi\u011fi parlamenter sistemlerde g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresini s\u0131n\u0131rlamak iktidar\u0131n ki\u015fiselle\u015fmesine kar\u015f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan bir form\u00fcld\u00fcr. Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sisteminin bozulmu\u015f \u00f6rneklerinde bile kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, demokratikle\u015fme \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7indeki Afrika\u2019da 2005 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana 32 \u00fclkede d\u00f6nem s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r ve bask\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda da s\u0131n\u0131r iki d\u00f6nem olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir[2]<\/a>. Bu \u00fclkelerde g\u00f6rev s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na uyulmas\u0131 ve se\u00e7imler yoluyla iktidar\u0131n el de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi darbe, isyan, ayaklanma gibi y\u00f6ntemleri \u00f6nleyen ve ayn\u0131 zamanda demokratikle\u015fmeye i\u015faret eden bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct olarak ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r[3]<\/a>. S\u00fcre s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na uymak istemeyen kimi cumhurba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n bunu a\u015fma giri\u015fimleri ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Zimbabwe\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi adil ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr olamayan se\u00e7imlerin sureti haktan bulundu\u011fu otoriter rejimlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu bak\u0131mdan d\u00f6nem s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n demokratik sistemler i\u00e7in gerekli bir kural oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Esas Say\u0131s\u0131: 2012\/30, Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2012\/96, Karar G\u00fcn\u00fc : 15.6.2012.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> H. KWASI PREMPEH, \u201cPresidential Power in Comparative Perspective: The Puzzling Persistence of Imperial Presidency in Post-Authoritarian Africa\u201d, Hastings Const. L.Q., C.35, 2007-2008, sy. 771.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n halk taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmesine y\u00f6nelik 5678 say\u0131l\u0131 ve 31.5.2007 tarihli Anayasa De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Hakk\u0131ndaki Kanun, yaln\u0131zca cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n TBMM taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, halk taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmesine y\u00f6nelik de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi getirmemi\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi, d\u00f6nem s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, se\u00e7im y\u00f6ntemine ili\u015fkin de kurallar\u0131 belirlemi\u015ftir. TBMM taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen cumhurba\u015fkanlar\u0131 7 y\u0131l i\u00e7in ve 1 defaya mahsus olarak se\u00e7ilmekteydiler. Yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikle \u201cCumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":75,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[176],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3374","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sayilar-14"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3374","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/75"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3374"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3374\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3374"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3374"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3374"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}