{"id":4353,"date":"2020-10-06T21:43:34","date_gmt":"2020-10-06T18:43:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=4353"},"modified":"2020-10-06T21:43:49","modified_gmt":"2020-10-06T18:43:49","slug":"pandemi-doneminde-multecilerin-saglik-hakkina-erisimi-ve-idarenin-yukumlulukleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=4353","title":{"rendered":"Pandemi D\u00f6neminde M\u00fcltecilerin Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hakk\u0131na Eri\u015fimi ve \u0130darenin Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri (18.5.2020)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

2019 y\u0131l\u0131 Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Ekonomik ve Sosyal \u0130\u015fler Organizasyonu Raporu\u2019na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, en az 5 milyon 876 bin m\u00fclteci ve g\u00f6\u00e7men ya\u015famaktad\u0131r[1]<\/a>. Buna ra\u011fmen, pandemi d\u00f6neminde m\u00fcltecilerle ilgili hangi \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dair ilgili idarelerce kapsaml\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, pandemi d\u00f6nemini etkileyecek pek \u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7inde bulunduran bu konunun, bunca akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00fcretildi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemde neredeyse hi\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 da m\u00fcltecilerin ola\u011fan d\u00f6nemde oldu\u011fu gibi bu d\u00f6nemde de g\u00f6rmezden gelindi\u011fini bizlere g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcltecilerin sa\u011fl\u0131k hakk\u0131na eri\u015fiminden bahsetmeden \u00f6nce, neden yaz\u0131da m\u00fclteci kavram\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011finmek gerekir. Zira T\u00fcrk Hukukunda m\u00fclteci kavram\u0131, 6458 say\u0131l\u0131 Yabanc\u0131lar ve Uluslararas\u0131 Koruma Kanunu\u2019na g\u00f6re yaln\u0131zca Avrupa\u2019dan gelenleri kapsamaktad\u0131r ve g\u00fcncel olmayan verilere g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yaln\u0131zca 8 \u201cm\u00fclteci\u201d bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak, 1951 tarihli Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler M\u00fcltecilerin Hukuki Stat\u00fcs\u00fcne \u0130li\u015fkin Cenevre S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nde (Cenevre S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi) m\u00fclteci kavram\u0131n\u0131 Avrupal\u0131lara atfeden anlay\u0131\u015f II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6nemine ait olup g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde terk edilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00f6\u00e7 \u0130daresi Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn 2016\u2019da haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye G\u00f6\u00e7 Raporu\u2019nda aynen ifade etti\u011fi \u00fczere, de\u011ferlendirme sonucunda ba\u015fvuru sahibi e\u011fer 1951 Cenevre S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 1. maddesindeki m\u00fclteci tan\u0131m\u0131na giren kriterlere sahipse, \u00fclkemiz taraf\u0131ndan bu ki\u015filere \u201c\u015fartl\u0131 m\u00fclteci stat\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d tan\u0131nmakta, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ge\u00e7ici olarak ikametlerine izin verilmekte ve b\u00f6ylece bu ki\u015filer (3 \u00fcnc\u00fc bir \u00fclkeye yerle\u015ftirilinceye kadar) uluslararas\u0131 koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r[2]<\/strong><\/a><\/em>. K\u0131saca 1951 tarihli Cenevre S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ve 1967 tarihli Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler M\u00fcltecilerin Hukuk Stat\u00fcs\u00fcne \u0130li\u015fkin Protokol\u2019e g\u00f6re \u0131rk\u0131, dini, tabiiyet, belli bir toplumsal gruba mensubiyet veya siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, zulme u\u011frayaca\u011f\u0131ndan hakl\u0131 sebeplerle korktu\u011fu i\u00e7in vatanda\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00fclkenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunan ve bu \u00fclkenin korumas\u0131ndan yararlanamayan, ya da s\u00f6z konusu korku nedeniyle, yararlanmak istemeyen; yahut tabiiyet yoksa ve bu t\u00fcr olaylar sonucu \u00f6nceden ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikamet \u00fclkesinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunan, oraya d\u00f6nemeyen veya s\u00f6z konusu korku nedeniyle d\u00f6nmek istemeyen her \u015fahsa<\/em> m\u00fclteci kavram\u0131 uygulanacakt\u0131r<\/em>. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerle ilgili uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin kanunlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikli olarak uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ifade eden 90. maddesinin 5. f\u0131kras\u0131 da dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, m\u00fcltecilerin sahip oldu\u011fu haklardan S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019deki \u015fartlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ikamet eden t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu haklar anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu anlamdaki m\u00fclteci say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ise 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Ekonomik ve Sosyal \u0130\u015fler Organizasyonu Raporu\u2019nda 3 milyon 787 bin ki\u015fi oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcltecilerin g\u00fcndelik hayatta sa\u011fl\u0131k hakk\u0131na eri\u015fimi<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00fcltecilerin \u00fclkemizde sa\u011fl\u0131k hakk\u0131na eri\u015fim zorlu\u011fu pandemi d\u00f6neminden \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk zorluk, idarenin izniyle Suriye\u2019ye giri\u015f yapm\u0131\u015f olan Suriyelilerin, \u00fclkelerindeki sava\u015f ortam\u0131n\u0131n son bulmamas\u0131 nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcklerinde ge\u00e7ici koruma kimliklerinin iptal edilmesiyle ilgilidir. Kimli\u011fi bulunmayan ki\u015filer, sa\u011fl\u0131k kurumlar\u0131na ba\u015fvurduklar\u0131nda, hastane y\u00f6netiminin G\u00f6\u00e7 \u0130daresi\u2019ne bildirimde bulunma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vard\u0131r. Bu nedenle, kimli\u011fi bulunmayan ki\u015filer idari g\u00f6zetime al\u0131nma ve s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilme korkusuyla[4]<\/a> hastanelere gidememektedir. Oysaki idari yarg\u0131da farkl\u0131 konularda[5]<\/a> s\u0131k\u00e7a referans verilen Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi\u2019nin (A\u0130HM) \u00d6nery\u0131ld\u0131z\/T\u00fcrkiye karar\u0131na[6]<\/a> g\u00f6re, idare, hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olsa dahi bireyin eylemine uzun s\u00fcre g\u00f6z yumdu\u011fu takdirde, bu ki\u015fi s\u00f6z konusu eylemden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc do\u011frudan hak kayb\u0131na u\u011framamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kimlik sahibi olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle idari g\u00f6zetim korkusu \u00e7ekerek hastanelere ba\u015fvuramama sorununu di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden gelen m\u00fclteciler de ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. 6458 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019da ba\u015fvuru sahibi veya uluslararas\u0131 koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc sahibi ki\u015filerin sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinden yararlanabilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gelmi\u015f ki\u015finin hemen ba\u015fvuru yapaca\u011f\u0131 ve bu nedenle ba\u015fvuru sahibi olarak do\u011frudan hizmetlerden yararlanaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Ancak, uygulamada, \u201cba\u015fvuru sahibi\u201d olmak da olduk\u00e7a uzun bir s\u00fcre sonra ula\u015f\u0131labilen bir stat\u00fcd\u00fcr ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k gibi hizmetlerden yararlan\u0131lamamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6yle olmasa dahi, 6458 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019da 2019 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikle sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerine eri\u015fim zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcltecilerin sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerine eri\u015fimini hen\u00fcz Covid-19 gelmemi\u015fken zorla\u015ft\u0131ran bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik, Kanun\u2019un \u201cYard\u0131m ve Hizmetlere Eri\u015fim\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 89. maddesinin sa\u011fl\u0131k sigortas\u0131yla ilgili 3. f\u0131kras\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6nceden ba\u015fvuru sahibi veya uluslararas\u0131 koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc sahibi ki\u015filerden herhangi bir sa\u011fl\u0131k g\u00fcvencesi olmayan ve \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fc bulunmayanlar\u0131n tamam\u0131 5510 say\u0131l\u0131 Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sa\u011fl\u0131k Sigortas\u0131 Kanunu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabiydi. De\u011fi\u015fiklikten sonra ise, bu ki\u015filerin uluslararas\u0131 koruma ba\u015fvuru kayd\u0131ndan itibaren yaln\u0131zca bir y\u0131l s\u00fcre ile genel sa\u011fl\u0131k sigortas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda olacaklar\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6yle bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe gidilmesinin gerek\u00e7esi ise, genel sa\u011fl\u0131k sigortas\u0131 primlerinin yat\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n kamu b\u00fct\u00e7esine b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fck getirmesi ve g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fclkemizi \u00e7ekici hale getirerek hakk\u0131n suiistimal edilmesi olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[7]<\/a>. Ancak, ki\u015filerin temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri ile idarenin asli y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, herhangi bir gerek\u00e7e bu k\u0131s\u0131tlamay\u0131 yapmaya yetmemektedir. Nitekim Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 5. maddesinde, devletin temel ama\u00e7 ve g\u00f6revleri olarak idarenin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri aras\u0131nda ki\u015finin temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetlerini, sosyal hukuk devleti ve adalet ilkeleriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayacak surette s\u0131n\u0131rlayan siyasal, ekonomik ve sosyal engelleri kald\u0131rmaya, insan\u0131n maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in gerekli \u015fartlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak<\/em> da say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Anayasa m. 56 ve m. 60\u2019ta herkesin sa\u011fl\u0131k hakk\u0131na ve sosyal g\u00fcvenli\u011fe eri\u015fimi oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer yandan Anayasa m. 65\u2019te devletin, sosyal ve ekonomik alanlarda Anayasa ile belirlenen g\u00f6revlerini, bu g\u00f6revlerin ama\u00e7lar\u0131na uygun \u00f6ncelikleri g\u00f6zeterek mal\u00ee kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n yeterlili\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde yerine getirece\u011fi <\/em>ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Bu durumda, temel haklar ile Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n korudu\u011fu de\u011ferin \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. B\u00f6yle bir durumda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken, s\u00f6z konusu temel hakk\u0131 Anayasa m. 13\u2019e de ayk\u0131r\u0131 olacak \u015fekilde \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunarak s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmak de\u011fil, pratik uyu\u015fum ilkesi[8]<\/a> \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde optimal d\u00fczeyde hem temel hakk\u0131 hem de anayasal de\u011feri korumakt\u0131r. Ancak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen de\u011fi\u015fiklikle, y\u00fcz binlerce ki\u015finin sa\u011fl\u0131k hakk\u0131na eri\u015fimi zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sosyal g\u00fcvenli\u011fe eri\u015fimi kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcstelik bu d\u00fczenlemenin devam\u0131nda salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve konuyla ilgili herhangi bir \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n temel haklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilece\u011fini belirten Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 16. maddesi de bu durumu a\u00e7\u0131klamaya yetmemektedir. Zira bu da uluslararas\u0131 hukuka uygun olarak yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r ve ba\u015fta Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi (A\u0130HS) m.2 ve 3 olmak \u00fczere yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n da ya\u015fam ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hakk\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle korunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6yle ki, Anayasa ve Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Medeni ve Siyasal Haklar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sert \u00e7ekirdek haklardan olan maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yasa\u011f\u0131, salg\u0131n d\u00f6nemlerinde m\u00fclteciler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayr\u0131ca \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerinde dezavantajl\u0131 kesimlerden olan m\u00fclteciler i\u00e7in e\u015fitlik ilkesi gere\u011fince idarelerce \u00f6ncelikli olarak \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereklidir[9]<\/a>. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Ekonomik, Sosyal ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Haklar Komitesi de, m\u00fcltecilerin su, sabun, dezenfektan, Covid-19 testi ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerine yeterli eri\u015fimi olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6zellikle savunmas\u0131z olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirterek t\u00fcm taraf devletleri salg\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclteciler \u00fczerindeki etkisini hafifletecek acil ve \u00f6zel ama\u00e7l\u0131 \u00f6nlemler almaya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00f6nlemler yaln\u0131zca sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetine eri\u015fimi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda, i\u015f\u00e7i haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flanmas\u0131, kiralar\u0131n ertelenmesi, internete eri\u015fim gibi d\u00fczenlemeleri de i\u00e7ermektedir[10]<\/a>. Sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bu \u00f6nlemlerin m\u00fclteciler i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca belirtilmesinin nedeni ise, m\u00fcltecilerin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 nedeniyle devletin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6deneklerinden yararlanamamas\u0131 ve daha salg\u0131n d\u00f6neminin ba\u015f\u0131ndayken hastal\u0131k bula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 \u015feklindeki nefret s\u00f6ylemleriyle \u00fccretsiz izne ilk \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ki\u015filer olmalar\u0131d\u0131r[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0130dari g\u00f6zetimde m\u00fcltecilerin sa\u011fl\u0131k hakk\u0131na eri\u015fimi<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130dari g\u00f6zetimde bulunan m\u00fcltecilerin sa\u011fl\u0131k hakk\u0131na eri\u015fimi, geri g\u00f6nderme merkezi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n cezaevi ko\u015fullar\u0131na benzer durumda olmas\u0131 nedeniyle ayr\u0131ca de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. \u00dcstelik Mart ay\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Pazarkule S\u0131n\u0131r Kap\u0131s\u0131\u2019nda bekletilen \u00e7ok say\u0131da m\u00fclteci, bu s\u00fcrecin sonunda geri g\u00f6nderme merkezlerinde karantinaya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, kapasitenin \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Normal \u015fartlarda s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilecek ki\u015filerin bulundu\u011fu geri g\u00f6nderme merkezlerinde, karantina amac\u0131yla bulunan ki\u015filer hakk\u0131nda da s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kararlar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nabildi\u011fi tespit edilmi\u015ftir[12]<\/a>. Bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, m\u00fcltecilerin tehlikeli salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k d\u00f6nemindeki en savunmas\u0131z kesimlerden biri oldu\u011fu ve acil \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Geri g\u00f6nderme merkezlerindeki karantina s\u00fcresi sonlanm\u0131\u015f olsa da, tehlikeli salg\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkileri hem m\u00fclteciler hem de geri g\u00f6nderme merkezi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ciddi boyutlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi, idari g\u00f6zetimdeki m\u00fcltecilerin sa\u011fl\u0131k hakk\u0131na eri\u015fimini, cezaevi ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmede[14]<\/a> oldu\u011fu gibi A\u0130HS m. 3 kapsam\u0131nda incelemektedir[15]<\/a>. A\u0130HM, ola\u011fan d\u00f6nemde dahi, geri g\u00f6nderme merkezindeki ko\u015fullar\u0131n m\u00fcltecilerin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zarar vermeyecek nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. 2019 tarihli G.B. ve Di\u011ferleri\/T\u00fcrkiye karar\u0131nda A\u0130HM, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki geri g\u00f6nderme merkezinin Kumkap\u0131\u2019da bulundu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde, \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7ocuklu bir kad\u0131n olan ba\u015fvurucunun bu merkez ve Gaziantep\u2019teki geri g\u00f6nderme merkezinin ko\u015fullar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki iddialar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. De\u011ferlendirme sonucunda, geri g\u00f6nderme merkezlerinde kapasitenin \u00fcst\u00fcnde insan bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131k havaya yeterli \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n sa\u011flanmamas\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in yeterli yiyecek tedarik edilmemesini ve ba\u015fvurucunun di\u011fer m\u00fcltecilerin sigara duman\u0131na maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 dahi A\u0130HS m. 3\u2019\u00fcn ihlali saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Avrupa Konseyi \u0130\u015fkencenin ve \u0130nsanl\u0131k D\u0131\u015f\u0131 veya Onur K\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 Muamelenin veya Cezan\u0131n \u00d6nlenmesi Komitesi, Covid-19 Pandemisi Ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinden Yoksun B\u0131rak\u0131lan Ki\u015filere Y\u00f6nelik Muameleye \u0130li\u015fkin \u0130lkeler Bildirisi yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[17]<\/a>. Komite, Avrupa Konseyi \u00fcyesi t\u00fcm devletleri, geri g\u00f6nderme merkezlerindeki ko\u015fullar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bu ilkelere uymaya davet etmi\u015ftir. Bu 10 ilkeden biri, yukar\u0131daki A\u0130HM karar\u0131nda say\u0131lan hususlarla benzer olmak \u00fczere hijyen malzemelerine ve a\u00e7\u0131k havaya eri\u015fimi kapsamaktad\u0131r. A\u0130HM, kararlar\u0131nda bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 savunmas\u0131z durumda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ki\u015filer i\u00e7in ararken, Komite, pandemi d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lan herkes i\u00e7in bu ko\u015fullara riayet edilmesi gerekti\u011fini belirtmektedir. \u0130lkelerde, hem personel hem de \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lan ki\u015filer i\u00e7in Covid-19 vir\u00fcs\u00fcyle m\u00fccadelenin gerektirdi\u011fi t\u00fcm tedbirlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, idari g\u00f6zetim bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ola\u011fan d\u00f6nemde de tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olmas\u0131 gereken bir ba\u015fka noktaya dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. \u0130dari g\u00f6zetime alternatif yollar\u0131n gereklili\u011fi tehlikeli salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k d\u00f6nemiyle birlikte \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u00fclteci Haklar\u0131 Merkezi ve International Detention Coalition\u2019\u0131n ortakla\u015fa ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u201c\u0130dari G\u00f6zetime Alternatifler\u201d adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, idari g\u00f6zetimle beklenen amaca ula\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bununla birlikte d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda idari g\u00f6zetime alternatif olmay\u0131 ba\u015faran yollar ortaya konmu\u015ftur. Buna g\u00f6re, idari g\u00f6zetim yerine idareye bildirimde bulunma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, seyahat belgelerinin yetkililere teslim edilmesi, yetkililer taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen bir yerde ikamet etme, asgari \u00fccretin iki kat\u0131ndan az olmamak kayd\u0131yla bir teminat al\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi pek \u00e7ok y\u00f6ntem bulunmakta ve idari g\u00f6zetimle ayn\u0131 amaca hizmet edebilmektedir[18]<\/a>. \u0130dari g\u00f6zetim y\u00f6nteminin d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7le m\u00fccadelede etkin oldu\u011funa dair herhangi bir veri bulunmamakta, di\u011fer yandan bu y\u00f6ntem hem kamu b\u00fct\u00e7esine y\u00fck getiren hem de insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal eden bir y\u00f6ntem olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r[19]<\/a>. \u00d6zellikle pandemi d\u00f6neminde zorunlu kal\u0131nmad\u0131k\u00e7a idari g\u00f6zetime ba\u015fvurulmamas\u0131, hem m\u00fcltecilerin sa\u011fl\u0131k hakk\u0131 hem de hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bula\u015f riski nedeniyle kamu yarar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 yerine <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z milyonlarca ki\u015fi i\u00e7in insan haklar\u0131 hukukuna uygun bi\u00e7imde idarelerce \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmas\u0131 yaln\u0131zca m\u00fcltecilerin temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerine ula\u015fmalar\u0131na hizmet etmeyecektir. Tehlikeli salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zellikle savunmas\u0131z kesimde bulunan ki\u015filer i\u00e7in acil \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmas\u0131, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bula\u015fma riskinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kamu d\u00fczeninin sa\u011fl\u0131k unsurunun sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de zorunludur. \u0130darenin as\u0131l g\u00f6revlerinden olan kamu d\u00fczeninin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fcltecilerin sa\u011fl\u0131k hakk\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik gerekli \u00f6nlemler daha da ge\u00e7 olmadan al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, \u201cInternational Migrant Stock 2019: Country Profile Turkey\u201d (UNDESA, 2019), https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/migration\/data\/estimates2\/countryprofiles.asp<\/a> (11.05.2020).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> T.C. \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00f6\u00e7 \u0130daresi Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u201c2016 T\u00fcrkiye G\u00f6\u00e7 Raporu\u201d, Nisan 2017 https:\/\/www.goc.gov.tr\/kurumlar\/goc.gov.tr\/YillikGocRaporlari\/2016_yiik_goc_raporu_haziran.pdf<\/a> (11.05.2020).<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> UNDESA, 2019.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> T\u00fcrk Hukukunda, Suriyelilerin s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmek \u00fczere idari g\u00f6zetime al\u0131namayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015fse de uygulaman\u0131n uzun s\u00fcredir bunun tersi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Dan\u0131\u015ftay, 8. D., E. 2016\/9335, K. 2016\/7895, T. 25.10.2016; Dan\u0131\u015ftay, 15. D., E. 2015\/7128, K. 2016\/606, T. 4.2.2016; Dan\u0131\u015ftay, 6. D., E. 2014\/5567, K. 2017\/3056, T. 2.5.2017.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> A\u0130HM, \u00d6nery\u0131ld\u0131z – T\u00fcrkiye, Ba\u015fvuru no. 48939\/99, T. 30.11.2004.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Baz\u0131 Kanunlarda ve 375 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun H\u00fckm\u00fcnde Kararnamede De\u011fi\u015fiklik Yap\u0131lmas\u0131na Dair Kanun Teklifi ve Gerek\u00e7esi, https:\/\/www2.tbmm.gov.tr\/d27\/2\/2-2368.pdf<\/a> (12.05.2020).<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Faz\u0131l Sa\u011flam,\u00a0Temel Haklar\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00d6z\u00fc, A\u00dcSBF Yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara, 1982, s.40; Kemal G\u00f6zler, \u201cSigara \u0130\u00e7me \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131: \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Problemi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Sigara Yasa\u011f\u0131\u201d,\u00a0Ankara Barosu Dergisi,<\/em>\u00a0Y\u0131l 47, Say\u0131 1, Ocak 1990, s.31-67, www.anayasa.gen.tr\/sigara.htm<\/a> (13.05.2020): \u201cBu ilkeye g\u00f6re, \u201cbir temel hakk\u0131n ba\u015fka bir temel hak ya da anayasan\u0131n korudu\u011fu ba\u015fka bir de\u011ferle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 halinde \u00f6yle bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r ki, gerek temel hak gerek anayasan\u0131n korudu\u011fu hukuki de\u011fer, varl\u0131k ve etkilerini\u00a0optimal d\u00fczeyde\u00a0korusun. Burada bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn di\u011fer bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u00a0bertaraf\u00a0etmesi s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Tolga \u015eirin, \u201cTehlikeli Salg\u0131n Hastal\u0131klarla Hukuksal M\u00fccadeleye Anayasal Bir Giri\u015f\u201d, s. 44, https:\/\/marmara.academia.edu\/tolgasirin<\/a>(02.05.2020).<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Ekonomik, Sosyal ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Haklar Komitesi, \u201cCovid-19 Pandemisi ve Ekonomik, Sosyal ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Haklara Dair A\u00e7\u0131klama\u201d, \u00e7ev. E\u015fit Haklar \u0130zleme Derne\u011fi, 06.04.2020, https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/20200428_Ekonomik-Sosyal-K%C3%BClt%C3%BCrel-Haklar_covid_ceviri.pdf<\/a> (09.05.2020).<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Menek\u015fe Tokyay, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye’de kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken i\u015fsiz kalan m\u00fclteciler i\u00e7in yard\u0131m \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131\u201d, 01.05.2020, https:\/\/tr.euronews.com\/2020\/05\/01\/turkiye-de-kay-t-d-s-cal-s-rken-issiz-kalan-multeciler-icin-yard-m-cagr-s<\/a> (15.05.2020).<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Burcu Karaka\u015f, \u201cBir g\u00f6\u00e7ememe hik\u00e2yesi: “Her yere gidiyoruz, bir yere yeti\u015femiyoruz”\u201d, 23.04.2020, https:\/\/p.dw.com\/p\/3bJEb<\/a>(14.05.2020).<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> \u201c\u0130zmir Barosu: Harmandal\u0131 Geri G\u00f6nderme Merkezinde 30 vaka var, \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmal\u0131\u201d, 18.04.2020, https:\/\/www.evrensel.net\/haber\/402549\/izmir-barosu-harmandali-geri-gonderme-merkezinde-30-vaka-var-onlem-alinmali<\/a> (03.05.2020).<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Cezaevlerindeki bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klarla ilgili A\u0130HS kriterleri i\u00e7in bkz. P\u0131nar Dikmen, Cezaevlerinde Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 Hastal\u0131klar ve \u0130HAS Kriterleri, 10.04.2020, http:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/cezaevlerinde-bulasici-hastaliklar-ve-ihas-kriterleri\/<\/a> (02.05.2020).<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> A\u0130HM, Sakir \u2013 Yunanistan, Ba\u015fvuru no. 48475\/09, T. 24.03.2016; A\u0130HM, Aden Ahmed \u2013 Malta, Ba\u015fvuru no. 55352\/12, T. 23.07.2013.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> A\u0130HM, G.B. ve Di\u011ferleri \u2013 T\u00fcrkiye, Ba\u015fvuru no. 4633\/15, T. 17.10.2019.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), \u201cStatement of principles relating to the treatment of persons deprived of their liberty in the context of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic\u201d, 20.03.2020, https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/16809e09ec<\/a> (09.05.2020).<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> M\u00fclteci Haklar\u0131 Merkezi\/International Detention Coalition, \u0130dari G\u00f6zetime Alternatifler, Nisan 2018, https:\/\/www.mhd.org.tr\/images\/yayinlar\/Mhm_Idari_Gozetime_Alternatifler.pdf<\/a> (10.05.2020), s. 22.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Ibid, s. 3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Giri\u015f 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Ekonomik ve Sosyal \u0130\u015fler Organizasyonu Raporu\u2019na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, en az 5 milyon 876 bin m\u00fclteci ve g\u00f6\u00e7men ya\u015famaktad\u0131r[1]. Buna ra\u011fmen, pandemi d\u00f6neminde m\u00fcltecilerle ilgili hangi \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dair ilgili idarelerce kapsaml\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, pandemi d\u00f6nemini etkileyecek pek \u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7inde bulunduran bu konunun, bunca akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00fcretildi\u011fi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":171,"featured_media":4354,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[133,227,231],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4353","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dosya","category-guncel","category-sayilar-24-25"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4353","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/171"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4353"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4353\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4354"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4353"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4353"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4353"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}