{"id":4641,"date":"2021-02-24T15:18:19","date_gmt":"2021-02-24T12:18:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=4641"},"modified":"2021-02-24T15:18:19","modified_gmt":"2021-02-24T12:18:19","slug":"1921-teskilat-i-esasiye-kanununun-kurucu-iktidar-mirasi-ve-demokratik-meclis-geleneginin-tali-kurucu-iktidar-cercevesinde-degerlendirilmesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=4641","title":{"rendered":"1921 Te\u015fkil\u00e2t-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu\u2019nun Kurucu \u0130ktidar Miras\u0131 ve Demokratik Meclis Gelene\u011finin Tali Kurucu \u0130ktidar \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde De\u011ferlendirilmesi"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 15\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">20 Ocak 2021\u2019de y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l\u0131na ula\u015fan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk anayasas\u0131 1921 Te\u015fkil\u00e2t-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131n da etkisi ile Osmanl\u0131-T\u00fcrk anayasal geli\u015fmeleri i\u00e7erisinde bir\u00e7ok \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bir anayasad\u0131r. 1921 Anayasas\u0131, yeni bir devletin kurulu\u015funun ilan\u0131, milli egemenlik ilkesinin ilk defa anayasal boyutta kabul\u00fc, milli egemenli\u011fin halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi temelinde yerelden merkeze geni\u015f bir yerel y\u00f6netim sistemi \u00fczerinde d\u00fczenlemesi, Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde ve sava\u015fa ra\u011fmen yo\u011fun ve derin bir tart\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131nda kabul edilmesi, \u00e7er\u00e7eve bir anayasa olmas\u0131 gibi anayasa tarihimizde bir\u00e7ok ilki bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Kendinden \u00f6nceki siyasal ve toplumsal dinamikleri yans\u0131tan bu ilkler, kendinden sonraki anayasal geli\u015fmeleri de etkileyerek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar uzanacakt\u0131r. Bu k\u0131sa yaz\u0131da, T\u00fcrk anayasa tarihinin yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131 olan 1921 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurucu iktidar niteli\u011finin sonraki baz\u0131 kurucu iktidarlar ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 15\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1921 Anayasas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nin 23 Nisan 1920\u2019de kurulmas\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k dokuz ay sonra 20 Ocak 1921\u2019de kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Bu tarihe kadar Meclis anayasal nitelikte ba\u015fka kurucu metinlere de imza atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. TBMM, her ne kadar kurucu meclis niteli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edilmemi\u015f olsa da Meclisin ve Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fumu, TBMM\u2019nin asli kurucu iktidar niteli\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Meclisin toplanmas\u0131n\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7an siyasal ve toplumsal dinamiklerde ve Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n haz\u0131rlan\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7iminde bunu g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. TBMM\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na giden s\u00fcre\u00e7te Mondros M\u00fctarekesi\u2019ne ayk\u0131r\u0131 i\u015fgaller ve buna kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lan yerel halk direni\u015fi, yer yer, b\u00f6lge b\u00f6lge ve en sonunda merkezi olarak te\u015fkilatlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. M\u00fctarekeden, son Osmanl\u0131 Mebusan Meclisinin milli m\u00fccadele \u00f6nderli\u011finin \u00e7abalar\u0131 ve kamuoyu bask\u0131s\u0131 ile toplanmas\u0131na kadar, kongre iktidarlar\u0131 i\u015fgalci kuvvetlerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7erisindeki saray h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda mili m\u00fccadeleyi hukuki ve me\u015fru bir zeminde \u00f6rg\u00fctlemi\u015ftir. Son Osmanl\u0131 Mebusan Meclisinin toplanmas\u0131ndan sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019un i\u015fgal edilmesi, ard\u0131ndan Mebusan Meclisinin bas\u0131lmas\u0131, baz\u0131 milletvekillerinin tutuklanmas\u0131, Ankara\u2019da yeni bir meclisin toplanmas\u0131n\u0131n me\u015frulu\u011funun yolunu a\u00e7an \u00f6nemli siyasi etkenlerdi. Bu siyasi durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, Heyeti Temsiliye ad\u0131na 19 Mart 1920\u2019de yeni bir genel se\u00e7im yap\u0131larak Ankara\u2019da \u201csal\u00e2hiyeti fevkaladeyi haiz bir meclis\u201d toplanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulundu. Kolordu kumandanlar\u0131na, valilere ve m\u00fcstakil livalara yap\u0131lan bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da, olabildi\u011fince geni\u015f bir temsili, e\u015fit d\u00fczeyde sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla her livadan n\u00fcfus oranlar\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n be\u015f \u00fcye se\u00e7ilmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Az geli\u015fmi\u015f yerlerin temsil g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc de art\u0131ran bu d\u00fczenleme, o g\u00fcne kadar uygulanan se\u00e7imlerden ve Mebusan Meclisinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 nitelikte bir meclis olu\u015fturulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Ayr\u0131ca se\u00e7im \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda son Osmanl\u0131 Mebusan Meclisi \u00fcyeleri de yeni olu\u015fturulacak meclise kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in Ankara\u2019ya davet edilmi\u015f, TBMM, topland\u0131ktan hemen sonra Mebusan \u00fcyelerini kendi b\u00fcnyesine dahil etti\u011fine karar vermi\u015ftir. \u0130ki se\u00e7imle gelen \u00fcyeler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Mebusan Meclisi \u00fcyelerinden Malta\u2019ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilenler de Meclis \u00fcyesi say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fmeler g\u00f6stermektedir ki, kendi d\u00f6nemine \u00f6zg\u00fc ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re TBMM olduk\u00e7a demokratik, e\u015fitlik\u00e7i ve \u00e7o\u011fulcu niteli\u011fi haiz bir Meclis olarak olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bu niteli\u011finin etkisi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc karar, kanun ve uygulamas\u0131nda etkisini hissettirmektedir. 1921 Anayasas\u0131 da bu ortamda haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve Meclisin \u00fczerinde en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc metinlerden biri olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6yle ki bir yandan i\u00e7te otoritenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bir yandan Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi gibi ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir d\u00f6nemden beklenmeyecek d\u00fczeyde demokratik bir tart\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f \u015feklinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zellik, anayasa ve toplum ili\u015fkileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tam bir kayna\u015fma \u00f6rne\u011fi olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durum, Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n anayasal k\u00fclt\u00fcrle kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p><strong>Yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 Hukuk Defterleri&#8217;nin 29. say\u0131s\u0131nda okuyabilirsiniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>20 Ocak 2021\u2019de y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l\u0131na ula\u015fan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk anayasas\u0131 1921 Te\u015fkil\u00e2t-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131n da etkisi ile Osmanl\u0131-T\u00fcrk anayasal geli\u015fmeleri i\u00e7erisinde bir\u00e7ok \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bir anayasad\u0131r. 1921 Anayasas\u0131, yeni bir devletin kurulu\u015funun ilan\u0131, milli egemenlik ilkesinin ilk defa anayasal boyutta kabul\u00fc, milli egemenli\u011fin halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi temelinde yerelden merkeze geni\u015f bir yerel y\u00f6netim [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":193,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[254],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4641","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sayi-29-ocak-subat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4641","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/193"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4641"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4641\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4641"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4641"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4641"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}