{"id":5080,"date":"2022-10-17T19:35:17","date_gmt":"2022-10-17T16:35:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=5080"},"modified":"2022-10-17T19:35:17","modified_gmt":"2022-10-17T16:35:17","slug":"ifade-ozgurlugunden-parrhesiaya-tck-m-299un-anayasallik-paradoksu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=5080","title":{"rendered":"\u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden Parrhesia\u2019ya: TCK m.299\u2019un Anayasall\u0131k Paradoksu"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">I. Giris\u0327<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Euripides\u2019in \u201cFenikeli Kad\u0131nlar\u201d adl\u0131 eserinin, edebiyat tarihinin en o\u0308nemli eserleri aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131g\u0306\u0131n\u0131 so\u0308ylemem herhalde yanl\u0131s\u0327 olmaz. Fenikeli Kad\u0131nlar, Thebai Kral\u0131 Oedipus\u2019un og\u0306ullar\u0131, Eteokles ve Polyneikes\u2019in aras\u0131ndaki iktidar kavgas\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r. Kehanete go\u0308re, kardes\u0327lerden biri o\u0308lmeden dig\u0306eri yo\u0308netimi alamayacakt\u0131r. Bunu o\u0308nlemek ic\u0327in, yo\u0308netimi do\u0308nu\u0308s\u0327u\u0308mlu\u0308 olarak kullanmaya karar verirler. Anlas\u0327maya go\u0308re her biri devleti bir y\u0131l idare edecek ve sonra iktidar\u0131 dig\u0306erine b\u0131rakacakt\u0131r. Ancak Eteokles, iktidar\u0131n\u0131n birinci y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonunda tahttan c\u0327ekilmeyi reddeder ve Polyneikes\u2019i su\u0308rgu\u0308ne go\u0308nderir. Polyneikes, su\u0308rgu\u0308ndeyken bir ordu toplar ve taht\u0131 ele gec\u0327irmek ic\u0327in Thebai\u2019yi kus\u0327at\u0131r. Savas\u0327\u0131n yol ac\u0327abileceg\u0306i felaketleri o\u0308nlemek ad\u0131na anneleri olan Jocasta, kardes\u0327leri ates\u0327kese ikna eder. Jocasta, Polyneikes\u2019e su\u0308rgu\u0308nde olman\u0131n ne kadar zor oldug\u0306unu sorar. Polyneikes, her s\u0327eyden daha zor ve ko\u0308tu\u0308 oldug\u0306unu so\u0308yler. Jocasta\u2019n\u0131n bunun nedenini sordug\u0306unda Polyneikes, tragedyan\u0131n 21.yu\u0308zy\u0131lda dahi o\u0308nemini muhafaza etmesini sag\u0306layan s\u0327u so\u0308zlerle cevap verir; \u201cen ko\u0308tu\u0308su\u0308 Parrhesia\u2019dan mahrum kalmakt\u0131r&#8230;\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Peki, nedir bu Parrhesia? Parrhesia\u2019n\u0131n, genellikle Antik Yunan\u2019daki o\u0308zgu\u0308n s\u0327ekliyle ifade o\u0308zgu\u0308rlu\u0308g\u0306u\u0308 olarak anlas\u0327\u0131ld\u0131g\u0306\u0131n\u0131 ve bu s\u0327ekilde yorumlanm\u0131s\u0327 oldug\u0306unu go\u0308rdu\u0308m. Ancak yapm\u0131s\u0327 oldug\u0306um incelemede bunun bir o\u0308zgu\u0308rlu\u0308k olmad\u0131g\u0306\u0131, bilakis hic\u0327bir gu\u0308venceden yararlan\u0131lmadan Ekklesia\u2019da yo\u0308neticiler ve u\u0308lkenin genel siyasetiyle ilgili eles\u0327tirilerin ac\u0327\u0131klanmas\u0131 aktivitesi oldug\u0306unu tespit ettim. Konus\u0327mac\u0131lar, cezaland\u0131r\u0131lma riskini de go\u0308ze alarak bas\u0327kalar\u0131n\u0131n bireysel c\u0327\u0131karlar\u0131 veya \u201ckorkakl\u0131klar\u0131\u201d ug\u0306runa dillendirmeyeceg\u0306i meseleleri, bu mecliste dile getiriyorlar ve yo\u0308neticileri eles\u0327tiriyorlard\u0131. Bu riskli aktivitenin de yap\u0131lmas\u0131, Atinal\u0131lar ic\u0327in faziletli bir davran\u0131s\u0327t\u0131. Halbuki ifade o\u0308zgu\u0308rlu\u0308g\u0306u\u0308, bireylerin niteliklerinde hayat bulan ve fazilet gerektiren bir kamusal aktivite deg\u0306ildir. Tam aksine, devletin tekelinde olan s\u0327iddet imtiyaz\u0131n\u0131 ve iktidar\u0131n gu\u0308cu\u0308nu\u0308 denetleme fonksiyonu olarak go\u0308ren demokratik bir hakt\u0131r. Bu denetleme fonksiyonu ise ancak makul bir gu\u0308vence ortam\u0131n\u0131n sag\u0306lanmas\u0131yla gerc\u0327ekles\u0327tirilebilir. Bu\u0308tu\u0308n bu kars\u0327\u0131las\u0327t\u0131rmadan sonra akl\u0131m\u0131za s\u0327u soru geliyor; acaba Tu\u0308rkiye\u2019de bugu\u0308n bir ifade o\u0308zgu\u0308rlu\u0308g\u0306u\u0308 var m\u0131d\u0131r? Yoksa Antik Yunan\u2019daki Parrhesia kurumuna dog\u0306ru bir tersine evrim ic\u0327inde miyiz? Asl\u0131nda sorunun cevab\u0131 Tu\u0308rk Ceza Kanunu (TCK) Madde 299\u2019da sakl\u0131. TCK m.299, Cumhurbas\u0327kan\u0131n\u0131 o\u0308zel bir korumayla donatan, Cumhurbas\u0327kan\u0131na hakareti suc\u0327 kapsam\u0131na alan o\u0308zel bir ceza normudur. Bu gibi du\u0308zenlemelerin demokratik toplum du\u0308zenlerinde olan konumlar\u0131n\u0131, yaz\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kapsam\u0131 nedeniyle soyut olarak inceleyeceg\u0306im. Ancak Faruk Erem hocan\u0131n s\u0327u tespiti ile konumunu somutlas\u0327t\u0131rmadan da devam edemeyeceg\u0306im; \u201cbu gibi du\u0308zenlemeler, krall\u0131k do\u0308nemlerinin kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 olarak devam etmekte, demokratik bir u\u0308lke ic\u0327in Anayasalara uygun du\u0308s\u0327memektedir.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p><strong>Yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 Hukuk Defterleri&#8217;nin 36. say\u0131s\u0131nda okuyabilirsiniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I. Giris\u0327 Euripides\u2019in \u201cFenikeli Kad\u0131nlar\u201d adl\u0131 eserinin, edebiyat tarihinin en o\u0308nemli eserleri aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131g\u0306\u0131n\u0131 so\u0308ylemem herhalde yanl\u0131s\u0327 olmaz. Fenikeli Kad\u0131nlar, Thebai Kral\u0131 Oedipus\u2019un og\u0306ullar\u0131, Eteokles ve Polyneikes\u2019in aras\u0131ndaki iktidar kavgas\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r. Kehanete go\u0308re, kardes\u0327lerden biri o\u0308lmeden dig\u0306eri yo\u0308netimi alamayacakt\u0131r. Bunu o\u0308nlemek ic\u0327in, yo\u0308netimi do\u0308nu\u0308s\u0327u\u0308mlu\u0308 olarak kullanmaya karar verirler. Anlas\u0327maya go\u0308re her biri devleti bir [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":235,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[133,316],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5080","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dosya","category-sayi36"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5080","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/235"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5080"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5080\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5080"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5080"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5080"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}