{"id":5134,"date":"2022-11-01T00:39:29","date_gmt":"2022-10-31T21:39:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=5134"},"modified":"2022-11-01T00:39:29","modified_gmt":"2022-10-31T21:39:29","slug":"kavramlari-tersyuz-ediyoruz-hukukun-ustunlugu-uzerine-hukuk-otorite-imtiyaz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/?p=5134","title":{"rendered":"Kavramlar\u0131 Tersy\u00fcz Ediyoruz: Hukukun \u00dcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00dczerine: Hukuk, Otorite, \u0130mtiyaz"},"content":{"rendered":"

I<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve hukuk devleti kavramlar\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman modernli\u011fe \u00f6zg\u00fc kavramlar olarak anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bu iki kavram\u0131n farkl\u0131 co\u011frafi ve tarihsel geli\u015fim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin \u00fcr\u00fcnleri olduklar\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fi bile; hukukun, kendisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan \u015feylerin \u00fcst\u00fcnde<\/em> oldu\u011fu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n daha ziyade modern devlet ve modern demokrasiyle ilintili oldu\u011funa dair o \u00f6rt\u00fck kabul\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Oysa hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkesi bir tarafa, \u201cmodern\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kendisi dahi modern de\u011fildir. Marksist k\u00fclt\u00fcr kuramc\u0131s\u0131 Fredric Jameson, A Singular Modernity<\/em> (Biricik Modernite) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, \u201cmodern\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc MS. 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u00f6rmenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Papa 1. Gelasius Latince modernus<\/em> s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, Kilise babalar\u0131n\u0131n son d\u00f6nemlerini, \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k edilen \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerinden ay\u0131rt etmek amac\u0131yla, yaln\u0131zca kronolojik bir ba\u011flamda kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada modernus<\/em>, yaln\u0131zca \u201c\u015fimdi\u201dye, \u201c\u015fimdinin zaman\u0131\u201dna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, nas\u0131l modern s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bile farkl\u0131 \u201c\u015fimdi\u201dleri varsa, her \u201c\u015fimdi\u201dnin de farkl\u0131 bir hukuku oldu\u011funu unutmamak gerekir.<\/p>\n

Jameson, Roma\u2019n\u0131n Gotlar taraf\u0131ndan fethedilmesiyle, modern s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fan yeni bir anlam kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7eker. Modernus<\/em> art\u0131k yaln\u0131zca \u015fimdiyi, yeniyi (novus<\/em>) imlemez; k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sosyal bir kopu\u015fa denk d\u00fc\u015fecek bi\u00e7imde antiquas<\/em>\u2019\u0131n, eskinin antitezini ifade eder. Hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ilk bak\u0131\u015fta modern bir kavram olarak zihnimizde belirmesinde de \u201ceski hukuk\u201dun antitezi olarak \u201cmodern hukuk\u201d varsay\u0131m\u0131 i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Oysa, hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn de farkl\u0131 \u201c\u015fimdi\u201dlerinin oldu\u011fu; kendinden menkul, i\u00e7eri\u011fi sabit modern bir hukuk ilkesini ifade etmedi\u011fi; ve her \u015feyden \u00f6nce bir co\u011frafyadaki siyasal g\u00fc\u00e7ler dengesiyle bu g\u00fc\u00e7ler dengesindeki m\u00fccadele ve yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmelerin hukuki-politik kavram\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi\u011fi, ancak \u201ceski\u201dye de bakarak, daha do\u011frusu tarihsel bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla net bir bi\u00e7imde kavranabilir.<\/p>\n

II<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hukukun orta \u00e7a\u011fdaki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayan g\u00fc\u00e7lerin en \u00f6nemlilerinden biri, ilgin\u00e7 bir bi\u00e7imde Kilisedir.[1]<\/a> Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere, orta \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde sek\u00fcler iktidar ile papal\u0131k aras\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Roma tarihine kadar geri g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclebilecek uzun erimli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesi s\u00f6z konusu olmu\u015ftur. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 boyunca hukukun sek\u00fcler g\u00fc\u00e7ler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yan karakteri, \u015fu iki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn e\u015f zamanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar: Bir yanda Kilise Roma Mutlakiyet\u00e7ili\u011finin temel niteliklerini benimseyerek g\u00fc\u00e7lenirken, di\u011fer yanda Roma Mutlakiyet\u00e7ili\u011finden kalan miras dinsel bir kisveye b\u00fcr\u00fcnmektedir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi Roma mutlakiyet\u00e7ili\u011finin k\u00f6keninde -s\u00f6z gelimi Lex Regia<\/em>\u2019da ve Corpus Iuris Civilis<\/em>\u2019te- \u201cmutlak h\u00fck\u00fcmdar yasan\u0131n \u00fczerindedir\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi yer al\u0131r (king above the law<\/em>); hukukla y\u00f6neten h\u00fck\u00fcmdar, hukuken hukukla s\u0131n\u0131rlanamaz. Bu d\u00f6nemde, imparatorun hem sek\u00fcler hem de dinsel mutlakiyet\u00e7ili\u011fi kendi elinde toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (sezaropapizm<\/em>). Ancak bu durum, Roma Mutlakiyet\u00e7ili\u011finin g\u00f6rece k\u0131sa bir zaman i\u00e7inde kendisini dinsel bir me\u015fruiyet ilkesine dayand\u0131rmas\u0131na neden olur. \u00d6yle ki 800 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde \u015earlman (Charlemagne, Carolus Magnus<\/em>), kendisinin b\u00fct\u00fcn Hristiyanlar\u0131n kral\u0131, rahibi ve reisi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler; \u0130mparatorun hesap verece\u011fi tek mercii Tanr\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Roma \u015fehrinde ise kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za farkl\u0131 bir tablo \u00e7\u0131kar. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun ba\u015fkentinin Konstantiniyye\u2019ye kayd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131yla birlikte Roma\u2019da sek\u00fcler bir bo\u015fluk olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bu bo\u015flu\u011fu Kilise doldurur. Kilisenin sek\u00fcler d\u00fcnyan\u0131n y\u00f6netimine ili\u015fkin belirli yetkileri dahi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, papalara hukuk e\u011fitimi verilmekte ve mutlakiyet\u00e7ilik fikri a\u015f\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131l sonra 7. Greogorius\u2019un buyruklar\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirir ve do\u011fal hukukla ilahi hukukun pozitif hukuku denetledi\u011fi fikrini muazzam bi\u00e7imde g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir. \u201cKutsal Roma\u201d, yani Frankia<\/em>\u0130mparatorlu\u011funun siyasal birlikten ziyade dinsel birli\u011fi sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bu bir hayli \u00f6nemlidir; haliyle de Kilise\u2019nin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck iddialar\u0131 zaman i\u00e7inde kademeli olarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulur. \u00d6rne\u011fin me\u015fhur ta\u00e7 giydirme t\u00f6renlerinde sembolize edilen bu yeni g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesine g\u00f6re, kral\u0131n esas g\u00f6revi toplumun hukukunun muhaf\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapmakt\u0131r (Krala \u00f6zg\u00fclenen bu rol sek\u00fcler Germen \u00f6rfi hukukunda halihaz\u0131rda i\u00e7erildi\u011finden benimsenmesi kolay olmu\u015ftur). Bu husus, krallar\u0131n hukuku ve adaleti muhafaza edeceklerini belirttikleri yeminlerinde de kolayca g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu yeminler (ve fermanlar) do\u011fal, \u00f6rfi ve ilahi hukukun, kral\u0131n emirleri, fermanlar\u0131 ve kararnamelerinin \u00fcst\u00fcnde oldu\u011funun kabul edilmesi ve onaylanmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131 kral\u0131n art\u0131k pozitif hukukla da ba\u011fl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi takip eder. Kral kendi koydu\u011fu yasalarla da ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc adaletin korunmas\u0131 bunu gerektirir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesi Roma\u2019n\u0131n miras\u0131 olan mutlakiyet\u00e7ili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131, hukuka tabi bir monar\u015fi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r (ve ku\u015fkusuz bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, burada b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler takip eder).<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 Hukuk Defterleri’nin 37. say\u0131s\u0131nda okuyabilirsiniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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[1]<\/a> Bkz. Harold J. Berman, Hukuk ve Devrim. Bat\u0131 Hukuk Gelene\u011finin Olu\u015fumu, \u00e7ev. K\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m Turanl\u0131, \u0130stanbul: Pinhan, 2020, s. 416 vd.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I Hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve hukuk devleti kavramlar\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman modernli\u011fe \u00f6zg\u00fc kavramlar olarak anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bu iki kavram\u0131n farkl\u0131 co\u011frafi ve tarihsel geli\u015fim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin \u00fcr\u00fcnleri olduklar\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fi bile; hukukun, kendisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan \u015feylerin \u00fcst\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n daha ziyade modern devlet ve modern demokrasiyle ilintili oldu\u011funa dair o \u00f6rt\u00fck kabul\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Oysa hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkesi bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[328],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5134","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sayi-37"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5134","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/39"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5134"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5134\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5134"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5134"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5134"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}