4 Ekim 1926 tarihinde yu\u0308ru\u0308rlu\u0308g\u0306e giren 743 say\u0131l\u0131 Tu\u0308rk Medeni Kanunu (Tu\u0308rk Kanun-u Medenisi), Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilan\u0131 sonras\u0131ndaki hukuk devriminin en o\u0308nemli parc\u0327alar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Bu ad\u0131m\u0131n deg\u0306erini kavrayabilmek ic\u0327in s\u0327u\u0308phesiz geriye bakmak gerekir.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 I\u0307mparatorlug\u0306u\u2019nun hukuk du\u0308zeninde, din, devlet ve hukuk bu\u0308tu\u0308nles\u0327ikti. Kis\u0327iler aras\u0131ndaki ilis\u0327kiler I\u0307slam\u2019\u0131n f\u0131k\u0131h kurallar\u0131na (s\u0327eriata) go\u0308re bic\u0327imlenmis\u0327, nikah, bos\u0327anma, nafaka, miras, so\u0308zles\u0327me, faiz, sigorta gibi konular dinsel kurallara bag\u0306lanm\u0131s\u0327t\u0131. Kis\u0327ilik, es\u0327itlik ve o\u0308zgu\u0308rlu\u0308k kavramlar\u0131 yerine; kulluk, yasaklar, buyruklar, ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar ve fermanlar hu\u0308ku\u0308m su\u0308rmekteydi. Uleman\u0131n kars\u0327\u0131 c\u0327\u0131kmas\u0131 ve bask\u0131s\u0131na rag\u0306men kabul olunan Tanzimat\u2019la o\u0308zel hukuk alan\u0131nda baz\u0131 kanunlas\u0327ma hareketleri bas\u0327lam\u0131s\u0327, 16 kitaptan olus\u0327an Mecelle\u2019nin (Mecelle-i Ahka\u0302m-\u0131 Adliyye) kitaplar\u0131 mu\u0308nferit s\u0327ekilde 1869-1876 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kanunlas\u0327t\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131s\u0327t\u0131. \u201cGo\u0308ru\u0308nu\u0308s\u0327te\u201d bag\u0306\u0131ms\u0131z nitelikte olan kanun, f\u0131k\u0131h kurallar\u0131ndan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lamad\u0131. S\u0327er\u2019iye Mahkemeleri s\u0327eriat esaslar\u0131na go\u0308re muhakeme etmeye devam etti. Kis\u0327iler hukuku, aile hukuku, miras hukuku ve es\u0327ya hukukunun bu\u0308yu\u0308k k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kapsamad\u0131g\u0306\u0131 gibi o\u0308zellikle hak ehliyetinde es\u0327itlik ilkesinden, irade o\u0308zerklig\u0306inden, so\u0308zles\u0327me serbestlig\u0306i ilkelerinden uzak kalan, kad\u0131n\u0131n ehliyetinin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldug\u0306u, kocan\u0131n kad\u0131na, erkek c\u0327ocug\u0306un da k\u0131z c\u0327ocug\u0306a oranla mirastan iki misli pay almas\u0131 gibi kurallara sahip Mecelle\u2019nin Cumhuriyet\u2019in hedefledig\u0306i sosyal yap\u0131yla bag\u0306das\u0327t\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 mu\u0308mku\u0308n deg\u0306ildi. Cumhuriyet\u2019in benimsedig\u0306i model ile medeni hukuku devletten ve dinden tu\u0308mu\u0308yle ay\u0131rmak kac\u0327\u0131n\u0131lmaz ha\u0302l alm\u0131s\u0327t\u0131. La\u0302ik esaslara dayanmak isteyen yeni devletin hukukunun dini esaslara bag\u0306l\u0131 kalmas\u0131, devrimin ruhu ve zaman\u0131n ihtiyac\u0327lar\u0131 ile bag\u0306das\u0327mamaktayd\u0131. Bu nedenle kodifikasyon c\u0327al\u0131s\u0327malar\u0131 bas\u0327lam\u0131s\u0327 ve I\u0307svic\u0327re Medeni\u0302 Kanunu \u201cdu\u0308nya Medeni\u0302 Kanunlar\u0131 ic\u0327inde en yenisi, anlas\u0327\u0131lmas\u0131 en kolay\u0131, en demokrat\u0131 ve en pratig\u0306i oldug\u0306u\u201d gerekc\u0327esi ile iktibas (resepsiyon) edilmis\u0327tir. 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda Medeni Kanun\u2019un yu\u0308ru\u0308rlu\u0308g\u0306e girmesi ile eski hukukun tamam\u0131yla kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Roma hukuku ile Pandekt hukuku esaslar\u0131na uzanan yeni bir hukukun kabul edilmesi amac\u0327lanm\u0131s\u0327t\u0131r. I\u0307mre\u2019nin deyimiyle bu, \u201co\u0308zel hukuk tarihinde go\u0308ru\u0308len en bu\u0308yu\u0308k ve en dikkate deg\u0306er ve dig\u0306er taraftan da en cesur bir ink\u0131la\u0302p hareketidir\u201d. Siyasal-kamusal kazan\u0131mlar 1921 ve 1924 Anayasalar\u0131 ile, sivil toplum-o\u0308zel hukuk alan\u0131ndaki kazan\u0131mlar ise 1926 tarihli Medeni Kanun ile elde edilmis\u0327tir. Bu sefer Serozan\u2019\u0131n ifadesiyle \u201cbu Kemalist devrimle birlikte siyasal-kamusal yas\u0327amda kul yurttas\u0327a do\u0308nu\u0308s\u0327u\u0308rken, sivil-o\u0308zel yas\u0327amda da \u0131rgat, maraba ve yanas\u0327ma \u2018is\u0327c\u0327iye\u2019, cariye ve avrat \u2018kad\u0131na\u2019, veledi zina da \u2018evlilik d\u0131s\u0327\u0131 c\u0327ocug\u0306a\u2019 do\u0308nu\u0308s\u0327mu\u0308s\u0327tu\u0308r\u201d.Ayn\u0131 zamanda bu, bireyin hukuki kis\u0327ilig\u0306ini ve hak ehliyetini kazanmas\u0131d\u0131r. La\u0302iklik ilkesinin esas\u0131yla, din kurallar\u0131 hukuk kurallar\u0131ndan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131s\u0327; tek es\u0327lilik, resmi nikah, es\u0327it miras hakk\u0131, kad\u0131na bos\u0327anma hakk\u0131, mahkemelerde es\u0327it tan\u0131kl\u0131k hakk\u0131, ana ve babaya c\u0327ocug\u0306un dini eg\u0306itimini belirleme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131s\u0327t\u0131r. Kanun taslag\u0306\u0131n\u0131n genel gerekc\u0327esi ic\u0327erisinde olan ancak daha sonra taslaktan c\u0327\u0131kart\u0131lan k\u0131s\u0131mda (sadeles\u0327tirilmis\u0327) s\u0327u ibareler yer almaktayd\u0131: \u201cMecelle\u2019nin kaidesi ve ana hatlar\u0131 dindir. Halbuki, insan hayat\u0131, her gu\u0308n hatta her an esasl\u0131 deg\u0306is\u0327imlere maruzdur. Bunun deg\u0306is\u0327ikliklerini, yu\u0308ru\u0308yu\u0308s\u0327u\u0308nu\u0308 hic\u0327bir zaman bir noktada tespit etmek ve durdurmak mu\u0308mku\u0308n deg\u0306ildir. Kanunlar\u0131 dine dayal\u0131 olan devletler k\u0131sa bir zaman sonra memleketin ve milletin taleplerini tatmin edemezler. C\u0327u\u0308nku\u0308 dinler, deg\u0306is\u0327mez hu\u0308ku\u0308mler ifade ederler. Deg\u0306is\u0327memek, dinler ic\u0327in bir zarurettir… Dinin, hu\u0308ku\u0308m halinde kanunlara girmesi tarihin seyrinde c\u0327og\u0306unlukla hu\u0308ku\u0308mdarlar\u0131n, zorbalar\u0131n, kuvvetlilerin keyfi arzular\u0131n\u0131 tatmine vas\u0131ta olmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmis\u0327tir. O\u0308zellikle c\u0327es\u0327itli dinlere mensup tebaay\u0131 ihtiva eden devletlerde tek bir kanunun bu\u0308tu\u0308n camiada uygulanabilme kabiliyetini kazanabilmesi ic\u0327in bunun din ile mu\u0308nasebetini kesmesi milli ha\u0302kimiyet ic\u0327in de bir zorunluluktur. C\u0327u\u0308nku\u0308 kanunlar dine dayal\u0131 olursa ve vicdan hu\u0308rriyetini kabul mecburiyetinde bulunan devlete, c\u0327es\u0327itli dinlere mensup olan tebaas\u0131 ic\u0327in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 kanun yapmak icap eder. Bu hal gu\u0308nu\u0308mu\u0308z devletinde esas s\u0327art olan siyasi, sosyal ve milli birlig\u0306e tamamen ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Hat\u0131rlamak gerekir ki; devlet yaln\u0131z tebaas\u0131 ile deg\u0306il; ecnebilerle de temastad\u0131r …\u201d<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 Hukuk Defterleri’nin 38. say\u0131s\u0131nda ula\u015fabilirsiniz.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 4 Ekim 1926 tarihinde yu\u0308ru\u0308rlu\u0308g\u0306e giren 743 say\u0131l\u0131 Tu\u0308rk Medeni Kanunu (Tu\u0308rk Kanun-u Medenisi), Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilan\u0131 sonras\u0131ndaki hukuk devriminin en o\u0308nemli parc\u0327alar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Bu ad\u0131m\u0131n deg\u0306erini kavrayabilmek ic\u0327in s\u0327u\u0308phesiz geriye bakmak gerekir. Osmanl\u0131 I\u0307mparatorlug\u0306u\u2019nun hukuk du\u0308zeninde, din, devlet ve hukuk bu\u0308tu\u0308nles\u0327ikti. Kis\u0327iler aras\u0131ndaki ilis\u0327kiler I\u0307slam\u2019\u0131n f\u0131k\u0131h kurallar\u0131na (s\u0327eriata) go\u0308re bic\u0327imlenmis\u0327, nikah, bos\u0327anma, nafaka, miras, so\u0308zles\u0327me, faiz, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":238,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[133,337],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5254","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dosya","category-sayi38"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5254","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/238"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5254"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5254\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5254"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5254"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5254"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}