Devlet, yasa yap\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve uygulay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak, vergiler, mahkeme, polis, asker gibi toplumu du\u0308zenleyici ve\/veya bask\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 kurum ve kurallar\u0131yla u\u0308lke c\u0327ap\u0131nda egemen siyasi erktir. Bu ve benzeri genis\u0327 kapsaml\u0131 semptomatik tan\u0131mlama devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n ka\u0302h koruyucu, ka\u0302h bask\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 yu\u0308zu\u0308nu\u0308 simgeler. Toplumsal ac\u0327\u0131dan semptomatik go\u0308ru\u0308ntu\u0308leriyle alg\u0131lanan devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131, arka planda toplumsal- sistemsel is\u0327levi bag\u0306lam\u0131nda bask\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 yu\u0308zu\u0308yle Hobbes\u2019un Leviathan\u2019\u0131 olarak kars\u0327\u0131m\u0131za c\u0327\u0131kar. Toplumsal kurallar\u0131 koyarak du\u0308zeni sag\u0306layan devlet; demokrasi, liberalizm ve o\u0308zgu\u0308rlu\u0308kler bag\u0306lam\u0131nda nerede durmaktad\u0131r? Bu yaz\u0131 da devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 demokrasi ve o\u0308zgu\u0308rlu\u0308kler bag\u0306lam\u0131nda odag\u0306a koyarken, devlet-sistem ve devlet-sermaye ilis\u0327kisi ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tarihsel su\u0308rec\u0327te bask\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 is\u0327leviyle s\u0131n\u0131fsal toplumlar\u0131n yo\u0308netsel ayg\u0131t\u0131 olarak ortaya c\u0327\u0131kan devlet olgusunu, dog\u0306al olarak, so\u0308mu\u0308ren ve so\u0308mu\u0308ru\u0308len s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n bulunmad\u0131g\u0306\u0131 ilkel toplumlarda go\u0308rmeyiz. Feodal sistemde feodal beyler ve ko\u0308leler s\u0327eklinde so\u0308mu\u0308ren ve so\u0308mu\u0308ru\u0308len s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n olus\u0327umu, bask\u0131 o\u0308rgu\u0308tu\u0308 olarak ilkel ha\u0302liyle devlet olgusunu tarih sahnesine tas\u0327\u0131m\u0131s\u0327t\u0131r. Ancak bu olus\u0327um, modern toplumlarda go\u0308ru\u0308ldu\u0308g\u0306u\u0308 s\u0327ekliyle o\u0308rgu\u0308tlenme format\u0131nda deg\u0306il, mu\u0308lk sahiplig\u0306inden kaynaklanan kis\u0327isel gu\u0308c\u0327 ve yetki kullan\u0131m\u0131 bic\u0327iminde ortaya c\u0327\u0131km\u0131s\u0327t\u0131r. Feodal bey hem mu\u0308lk sahibi olarak hem de kamusal erkleri uhdesinde toplayarak, bask\u0131c\u0131 yo\u0308ntemle yo\u0308neticilik yaparak mal varl\u0131g\u0306\u0131n\u0131 korumus\u0327 ve yo\u0308netmis\u0327tir. Yasa yap\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve uygulay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan feodal bey, besledig\u0306i silahl\u0131 gu\u0308c\u0327lerle de ha\u0302kimiyetini ic\u0327te ve d\u0131s\u0327ta su\u0308rdu\u0308rmu\u0308s\u0327tu\u0308r. Feodalitenin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131s\u0327\u0131 ve ulus devlet format\u0131na gec\u0327is\u0327le, feodal beyin haiz oldug\u0306u kamusal yetkiler devlet o\u0308rgu\u0308tu\u0308ne devredilirken, mu\u0308lkiyet hakk\u0131 sermaye sahiplerinde kalm\u0131s\u0327t\u0131r. Ulus-devlet yap\u0131lanmas\u0131nda mu\u0308lk sahibi sermaye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kars\u0327\u0131s\u0131nda, emekc\u0327iler ve devlet mu\u0308lksu\u0308zdu\u0308r. Ulus devlet du\u0308zenine gec\u0327is\u0327le, hem emeg\u0306in gec\u0327imini sag\u0306layabilmesi, hem de devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n kamusal is\u0327levlerini ifa edebilmesi, u\u0308retim arac\u0327lar\u0131na sahip sermayenin yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131p ekonomiyi is\u0327ler konuma getirmesi kos\u0327uluna bag\u0306lanm\u0131s\u0327t\u0131r. Bu su\u0308rec\u0327te demokrasi3 ve liberalizm konular\u0131 da gu\u0308c\u0327 ilis\u0327kisi bag\u0306lam\u0131nda s\u0327ekillendirilmis\u0327tir.<\/p>\n
Westfalia Antlas\u0327mas\u0131 ile olus\u0327mus\u0327 ulus devlet yap\u0131lanmas\u0131, 1917 Sovyet devrimiyle kapitalist ve kolektivist olarak yol ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na girerek, toplumsal mu\u0308lkiyet bic\u0327iminde ve devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n olus\u0327um ve is\u0327levlerinde mutlak farkl\u0131las\u0327malar gerc\u0327ekles\u0327ti.<\/p>\n
S\u0327o\u0308yle ki, kapitalist sistemde sermayenin bas\u0327atl\u0131g\u0306\u0131 alt\u0131nda devletin is\u0327levleri sermaye birikimine katk\u0131 yap\u0131c\u0131 s\u0327ekilde tan\u0131mlan\u0131rken, kolektivist sistemde devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131 ekonominin du\u0308menine gec\u0327erek, ekonomi yo\u0308netiminde merkezi planlamay\u0131 ha\u0302kim k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Feodal yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131n tarihin derilig\u0306inde kalmas\u0131, kolektivist yap\u0131lanman\u0131n ise c\u0327o\u0308ku\u0308s\u0327u\u0308 sonucunda gu\u0308nu\u0308mu\u0308zu\u0308n tek o\u0308rneg\u0306ini kapitalist devlet yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 olus\u0327turur. Bu durumda feodal devlet yap\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 iktisat tarihi alan\u0131na, kolektivist devlet yap\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 ise iktisadi sistemler alan\u0131na terk ederek, kapitalist devlet yap\u0131lamas\u0131na odaklan\u0131p, ekonomi ve politika bilimi \u0131s\u0327\u0131g\u0306\u0131nda devlet, demokrasi ve liberalizm konular\u0131n\u0131 ele alacag\u0306\u0131m.<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 Hukuk Defterleri’nin 38. say\u0131s\u0131nda okuyabilirsiniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Devlet, yasa yap\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve uygulay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak, vergiler, mahkeme, polis, asker gibi toplumu du\u0308zenleyici ve\/veya bask\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 kurum ve kurallar\u0131yla u\u0308lke c\u0327ap\u0131nda egemen siyasi erktir. Bu ve benzeri genis\u0327 kapsaml\u0131 semptomatik tan\u0131mlama devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n ka\u0302h koruyucu, ka\u0302h bask\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 yu\u0308zu\u0308nu\u0308 simgeler. Toplumsal ac\u0327\u0131dan semptomatik go\u0308ru\u0308ntu\u0308leriyle alg\u0131lanan devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131, arka planda toplumsal- sistemsel is\u0327levi bag\u0306lam\u0131nda bask\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 yu\u0308zu\u0308yle Hobbes\u2019un Leviathan\u2019\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[337],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5275","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sayi38"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5275","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/45"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5275"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5275\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5275"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5275"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukukdefterleri.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5275"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}