Hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kural\u0131 her birey i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Her birey, toplumdaki yeri, mevkii ve makam\u0131 ne olursa olsun mevzuat \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde belirlenmi\u015f haklar\u0131na sahiptir ve s\u00f6z konusu haklar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda herkese ve her g\u00fcce kar\u015f\u0131 korunakl\u0131d\u0131r. Birey, mutlak de\u011fil, mevzuat \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde belirlenmi\u015f haklara sahiptir ve bu haklar ba\u011flam\u0131nda korunakl\u0131d\u0131r. Bireyin mutlak haklar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ti\u011fi ilk a\u015famada Hobbes ve Rousseau ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sosyal s\u00f6zle\u015fme yer al\u0131r. Sosyal s\u00f6zle\u015fmede birey toplum i\u00e7inde sa\u011flanan g\u00fcvenlikle mutlak \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc takas etmi\u015ftir. Bu takas i\u015flemi y\u00fczeysel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcyle bir fedak\u00e2rl\u0131k de\u011fil, genel korumadan yoksun ortamda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131 risklerden topluca korunman\u0131n do\u011fal bedelidir. Sosyal s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile sa\u011flanan g\u00fcvenlik bir vatanda\u015fl\u0131k hakk\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f toplum yap\u0131s\u0131nda vatanda\u015fl\u0131k hakk\u0131 adalet \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilir. Toplumsal kurumlar\u0131n temel ilkesi adalet, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sisteminin temel ilkesi ise ger\u00e7ekliktir. Ger\u00e7eklik \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilen adalet ilkesinin temel kural\u0131, bir bireyin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn toplumun di\u011fer kesiminin daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yarar\u0131 u\u011fruna dahi k\u0131s\u0131tlanamayaca\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fuluna dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu kurala g\u00f6re, adil bir toplumda vatanda\u015flar \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcr ve ki\u015fisel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler, di\u011fer ki\u015filerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini k\u0131s\u0131tlamamak ve\/veya onlara zarar vermemek ko\u015fulu ile k\u0131s\u0131tlanamaz.\u00a0 B\u00f6ylece, ekonomik i\u015flemler ya da ili\u015fkiler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sair toplumsal ili\u015fkiler ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f adalet ilkesine g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f haklar politik tart\u0131\u015fma konusu yap\u0131lamaz. Adaletsizlik, ancak \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck adaletsizli\u011fi \u00f6nleme gerek\u00e7esi ile savunulabilir.[i]<\/a><\/p>\n Adalet hukuksal normlarla bireysel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7eveleyen sistem olarak tarihin a\u015famalar\u0131ndan s\u00fcz\u00fclerek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki d\u00fczeyine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hak-hukuk-adalet aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve savunusu yap\u0131l\u0131rken k\u00f6leli\u011fin h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu antik Yunan ve Atina filozoflar\u0131na, Epik\u00fcryen ve Stoac\u0131lara de\u011fil, on yedinci y\u00fczy\u0131l ve sonras\u0131 filozoflara at\u0131f yap\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn ba\u015fat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemi \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc a\u015faman\u0131n tarihsel-d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel kanallarda imbiklenerek ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sonu\u00e7tur. Birincisi, modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n olu\u015fumunu \u015fekillendiren on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l reformlar\u0131d\u0131r. Reformlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi de, Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n dinsel tekilli\u011finden dinsel \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015f ve b\u00f6ylelikle Luther ve Kalvin\u2019in de yollar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.[ii]<\/a>\u0130kincisi, merkezi otorite olarak \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ulus devlet yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise, modern bilimin, matemati\u011fin ve ona dayal\u0131 fizik biliminin geli\u015ftirilmesidir.[iii]<\/a> Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin geli\u015fme ve bunlar\u0131n yasalara yans\u0131ma bi\u00e7imini izlemek amac\u0131yla tarihte ufak bir gezinti yapmam\u0131z gerekiyor.<\/p>\n ***<\/p>\n Yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 Hukuk Defterleri’nin 39. say\u0131s\u0131nda okuyabilirsiniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n [i]<\/a> Rawls, John (1999), A Theory of Justice<\/em>, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, s. 3-4.<\/p>\n